PANDIT DEENDAYAL PETROLEUM UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY

HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES

ROAD CONSTRUCTION’s EQUIPMENTS AND
MACHINARIES

Presentation by
Dr. Rajesh Gujar
Assistant Professor
(School Of Technology)
Activities For Flexible Road Construction
Clearing and
Grubbing

Dismantling Culverts, Bridges and Other

Structures/Pavements

Excavation in Soil/Ordinary Rock/Hard

Rock/ Marshy Soil; Pre-splitting of Rock
Excavation Slopes
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Activities For Flexible Road Construction
Construction of
Embankment

Preparation and Surface Treatment

of Formation

Granular Sub-Base

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Activities For Flexible Road Construction
Prime Coat or Tack Coat or Fog Spray

Preparation and
Laying of Bituminous Macadam

Finishing

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 Activities For Rigid Road Construction
Dry Lean Concrete (DLC)

Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC)

Finishing

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 Role Of Manpower & Machineries
Role of Manpower

Role of Machinery

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 Role of Manpower in Road Construction
 Manpower has a significant role to play for the success of any kind of
business. The companies of all sizes need sufficient manpower to ensure
their success. Manpower is defined as the combined work of people that is
utilized by any organization for its benefit against payment of certain
charges.
 Manpower planning is counted as the most important function of the
human resource management of the organization. It helps in managing the
maintenance of the business goodwill by providing value to the man,
material, machine and money.

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Manpower Planning : Concept & Definitions
 The concept of manpower planning, which is also known as human resource
planning, in essence, is all about hiring the right candidates, finding out, and
monitoring the needs of the employees and identifying ways and means to meet
those needs in order to put into effect the plan formulated by the organization.
Without manpower planning, the organization would not be able to work effectively.
 Manpower planning is the process of anticipating, identifying, selecting and
nurturing what is most useful and beneficial to the organisation. Manpower planning
is, therefore, concerned with the optimum utilization of human resources in the
organisation.
 According to Bruce P. Coleman, “Manpower planning is the process of determining
manpower, requirements and the means for meeting these requirements in order to
carry out the integrated plans of the organisation.”

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Manpower Planning : Aims & Objectives
 The essence of Manpower planning is the right man on the right job and the right
job the right man. If a person is appointed at a post requiring more ability than the
ability of the person, he will not be able in discharging his duties according to the
requirements of the post. Similarly, if a person possessing higher abilities is
appointed at a post not requiring that much ability, he will feel dissatisfied with
his job and the enterprise will not be able in exploiting his best abilities.
 The main objective of manpower planning is to acquire,
utilize, improve, and retain effectively the employees to attain
results in the most favourable manner.
 The main aim of developing a manpower plan is to be able to
anticipate issues arising from excess or limited manpower.

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 Manpower Planning : Need & Importance
 Need and importance of Manpower Planning can be explained under the
following heads:
 Knowledge of the Sources of Supply of Manpower :

Manpower Planning studies the sources of supply of manpower and utilises that
sources.
 Increasing Size of Enterprise :

Increasing size of business and industrial enterprises have made the activities of
management to wide so and complicated that the management has to make several
changes in its organisational structure. Different employees of different abilities are
required for the accomplishment of the objects of enterprise. The objects of
enterprise can be achieved easily and more effectively through Manpower Planning.

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 Manpower Planning : Need & Importance
 To Make the Programmes of Employees Development :
Manpower Planning helps in estimating the needs of working force for the future. It
also helps in determining the abilities of the employees to be recruited in the future.
It also helps in estimating the need of training to them. Effective programmes may
be prepared on the basis of Manpower Planning for the development of employees.
 To Establish Co-Ordination between Labour and Capital :
Manpower Planning helps in establishing, effective co-ordination between labour
and capital. It also helps in the earliest possible and best possible solution of labour
and capital. It also helps in the earliest possible and best possible solution of labour
problems of the enterprise because Manpower Planning provides the labour force
of the enterprise in the manner that they agree to co-operate with the management
in the accomplishment of organisational objectives.
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Manpower Planning : Need & Importance
 Reduction in Cost of Production :
Manpower planning help in recruitment of best possible workers and
employees. It reduces the rate of labour turnover. It also minimises the
wastages of the enterprise. It helps the management in maximum exploitation
of the resources of enterprise.
 A Base of Effective Police of Recruitment :
Manpower Planning forms base of preparing planning for recruitment of
employees. Such recruitment policy helps in the recruitment of employees at
right time.

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 Manpower Planning : Need & Importance
 Fulfilment of other Objects :
Manpower planning is also helpful in the fulfilment of some other objects like
the implementation of the scheme of modernisation, the expansion of business
and, industrial enterprise, the improvement of labour relations, the increase in
productivity etc.

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Role in Manpower in Road Construction

Junior Surveyor Surveyor Site Supervisor

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Role in Manpower in Road Construction

Paver Machine
Site Engineer Resident Engineer
Operators

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Role in Manpower in Road Construction

Roller Machine Truck and Tractors

Dumper Operators
Operators Drivers

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Role in Manpower in Road Construction

Quality Control
Labourer’s Force Skill Labours
Team

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Role in Manpower in Road Construction

Executive Team in Laboratory

Designers
the Office Technicians

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 Role in Manpower in Road Construction
Workers or Employers Roles & Responsibilities
Junior Surveyor To take readings and to take
measurements.
Surveyors To analyze the readings and to prepare
maps.
Site Supervisor To assign various task to lower level team
and to check it out continuously.
Site Engineer Give instructions to lower level staff for
work and check it as per drawings.
Resident Engineer He is top authority at site. He remains at
site 24 x 7.

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 Role in Manpower in Road Construction
Workers or Employers
Paver Machine Operators
Roller Machine Operators
Truck and Tractors Drivers
Dumper Operators
Labourer’s Force
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Roles & Responsibilities
To operate the paver machine as
requirements and orders of site engineers.
To operate roller machine to level and
compact the surface.
To drive trucks and tractors and to
transport the materials.
To operate dumpers as per site
requirements.
They carries out hand mixing , materials
preparation and other work.
 Role in Manpower in Road Construction
Workers or Employers
Skill Labours
Quality Control Team
Executive Team in the Office
Designers
Laboratory Technicians
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Roles & Responsibilities
They performs some important and skill
necessary work.
They carries out quality control work and
prepares the report for the same.
They carries paper work like tendering,
accounting, purchasing.
They prepares detailed designs like
pavement design , geometric design .
They carries out some different types of
tests on materials and finished products.
Role in Machineries in Road Construction
WHAT IS A MACHINE ?
 A machine is a man-made device that uses power to apply forces and
control movement to perform an action. Machines can be driven by animals
and people, by natural forces such as wind and water, and by chemical,
thermal, or electrical power, and include a system of mechanisms that shape
the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and
movement. They can also include computers and sensors that monitor
performance and plan movement, often called mechanical systems.
 Modern machines are complex systems that consist of structural elements,
mechanisms and control components and include interfaces for
convenient use.

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Role in Machineries in Road Construction
 Renaissance natural philosophers identified six simple machines which were
the elementary devices that put a load into motion, and calculated the ratio of
output force to input force, known today as mechanical advantage.
 In today’s modern world, machines play a vital role in ensuring that a series of
many activities are running swiftly. In most industries, you’ll find that
machinery has fully replaced human labour. The industrial field has been
facing tremendous development. Things are working at a different level.
There is much dependence on technology.
 With massive advancement in technology, there is a decreased need for
manual works. According to statistics, the desire for manual labour has
significantly decreased. Machines are invading these industries throwing
humans out of the picture.
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 Various Equipments and Machineries

Hydraulic
Dozer Motor Grader
Excavator

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 Various Equipments and Machineries

Vertical Shaft Bucket Wheel Sand

Jaw Crusher
Impactor Washer

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 Various Equipments and Machineries

Scraper Wheel Barrow Rotavator

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 Various Equipments and Machineries

Bitumen
Disc Harrow Road Sweeper
Distributor

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 Various Equipments and Machineries

Hot Mix Plant Paver Finisher Rollers

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 Various Equipments and Machineries

Concrete Batching
Concrete Slip Form
and Mixing Plant Transit Mixer
Paver
(Stationary)

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 Various Equipments and Machineries

Pneumatic External Hydraulic External

Internal Vibrator
Vibrator Vibrator

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 DOZER

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 Dozer (Crawler Type) – Figure : 1

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 DOZER
 Dozer (Figure 1) is a self-contained tractor-powered unit with a blade
attached to the machine’s front. It is primarily a pushing unit but can
perform a variety of functions depending on the attachment fixed to the
basic unit.
 A dozer can economically push material up to a distance of 100 m.

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 Dozer Applications in the Road Sector
 Dozer Attachment : Blade
 Attachment Type : Straight Blade
 Activity/ Application : Backfilling, stumping, stripping , shaping, ditching,
grading and spreading fill material.
 Attachment Type : Angle Blade
 Activity/ Application : Side casting of material particularly for backfilling
or making side-hill cuts, stumping, stripping, shaping, trail pioneering and
general dozing of medium to softer materials.

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 Dozer Applications in the Road Sector
 Dozer Attachment : Blade
 Attachment Type : Universal Blade
 Activity/ Application : Best suited for lighter materials, stockpile works,
trapping for loaders and land reclamation.
 Attachment Type : Semi-U Blade
 Activity/ Application : Well suited for soft to medium hard soils, stumping,
stripping, backfilling, ditching, crowning and levelling.
 Attachment Type : Cushion Blade
 Activity/ Application : Pushing scrapers to clean up the cut area.

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 Dozer Applications in the Road Sector
 Dozer Attachment : Blade
 Attachment Type : Power, Angle and Tilt (PAT) Blade
 Activity/ Application : Grading, backfilling, land clearing, ground levelling
and spreading fill material.
 Performance Evaluation Parameters :
a) Kilowatt per metre of cutting edge
b) Kilowatt per loose cubic metre of material retained in front of blade

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 Dozer Applications in the Road Sector
 Dozer Attachment : Ripper
 Attachment Type : Radial ,
Parallelogram ,
Variable ,
Impact
 Activity/ Application : Loosen densely compacted materials for better
blade penetration and easy pushing by dozer.
 Performance Evaluation Parameters : N / A

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 Dozer Applications in the Road Sector
 Dozer Attachment : Winch
 Attachment Type : Manually controlled
Power controlled
 Activity/ Application : Uprooting of trees, skidding of boulders or heavy
materials, general/ equipment recovery.
 Performance Evaluation Parameters :
a) Maximum Line Pull
b) Maximum Line Speed

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 Dozer Applications in the Road Sector
 Dozer Attachment : Swinging Drawbar
 Attachment Type : N/A
 Activity/ Application : For haulage purpose.
 Performance Evaluation Parameters :
a) Maximum Drawbar Pull

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 DOZER
 Dozer can be crawler mounted or wheel mounted and shall be selected
based on site conditions, work distance, load volume, difficulty of job etc.
 Table A-1 provides recommendations for selection of dozer depending on
the size of road project for its deployment. Selection of the dozer will be
governed by the dozer output requirement, keeping in view various factors
like quantum of work and time horizon for the project at hand, site
conditions, experience etc.
 Table A-2 provides typical dozer operating weight and blade type for road
projects of different sizes.
 For more information on dozers, you can refer to IRC:125.

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 Table – A-1
 Recommendations for Dozer Selection Based on Size of Road Project

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 Table – A-2
 Dozer Operating Weight and Blade Type for Road Projects of Different
Sizes

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 HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR

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HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR – Figure : 2

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 HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
 A Hydraulic Excavator (Figure 2) is a self-propelled machine on crawler or
wheels, having an upper structure capable of a 360° swing and with
mounted equipment, which is primarily designed for excavating with a
bucket, without movement of the chassis or undercarriage during any part
of the work cycle of the machine. An excavator work cycle normally
comprises excavating, elevating, swinging and discharge of material. It can
also be used for object or material handling/transportation.
 Hydraulic excavators are versatile machines and are characterized by short
cycle times, positive and precise control of attachments, high overall
efficiency, smoothness and ease of operation.

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 HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
 A hydraulic excavator comprises of the following:
 i) Base Machine with a cab or canopy and operator protective structures (if
required) and possessing necessary mountings for equipment and
attachments
 ii) Equipment or Work Attachment (consisting of boom, arm/stick and
bucket) catering to the primary design function of the excavator
 iii) Other attachments for specific use

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APPLICATIONS OF HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
 In the road construction sector, the hydraulic excavator finds use for the
following applications:
 i) Site Clearance and Initial Site Preparation
 ii) Quarrying
 iii) Cutting and Filling
 iv) Construction of Embankment
 v) Breaking of Rocks
 vi) Demolition of Structures
 vii) Material Handling
 viii) Lifting Applications
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 TYPES OF HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
 Hydraulic excavator may be classified on the basis of undercarriage, type of
equipment (or work attachment) or operating weight.
 Based on undercarriage, excavators may be:
i) Crawler (or track) type
ii) Wheeled type
 The crawler type machine has advantages of better floatation, better traction,
better manoeuvrability and faster repositioning. It can work where ground
conditions are severe. The shoe selection of the tracks is determined by the
underfoot conditions. The wheeled machine has advantages of better mobility
and speed. It does not damage paved surfaces and stability is achieved by
stabilisers.
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 TYPES OF HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
 Based on equipment (or work attachment), excavators may be classified as:
i) Hoe type (for cutting towards the machine and generally downwards;
primarily used for below-ground level excavation)
ii) Shovel type (for cutting away from the machine and generally upwards;
primarily used for above-ground level excavation)
iii) Clamshell type (for digging or grabbing in a generally vertical direction,
discharging below and above the ground reference plane)
iv) Telescoping boom type (primarily used for excavation and/or grading of
slopes above or below the ground)

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 TYPES OF HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
 Based on operating weight and with respect to application in the highway sector,
excavators may be classified as:
i) Class I type (operating weight < 6 tonne)
ii) Class II type (operating weight 6–8 tonne)
iii) Class III type (operating weight 8–12 tonne)
iv) Class IV type (operating weight 12–19 tonne)
v) Class V type (operating weight 19–25 tonne)
vi) Class VI type (operating weight 25–36 tonne)
vii) Class VII type (operating weight > 36 tonnes)
Class V excavators are preferred for most construction activities.
Class III excavators are suited for applications in trenching, irrigation and utility works,
while Class VI and Class VII excavators are preferred in quarries and pits.
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ATTACHMENTS OF HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
 Hydraulic excavators can be equipped with a wide variety of attachments like:
i) Hoe Bucket
ii) Shovel Bucket
iii) Clamshell Bucket
iv) Drainage (Ejector) Bucket
v) Trench (Ditch) Cleaning Bucket
vi) Hydraulic Breaker
vii) Hydraulic Grapple
viii) Hydraulic Demolition Tool (Shearer, Bucket Crusher)
ix) Ripper

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ATTACHMENTS OF HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
 Hydraulic excavators can be equipped with a wide variety of attachments like:
x) Ripper Bucket
xi) Hook
xii) Electro Magnet
xiii) Clamp
xiv) Blade
xv) Plate Compactor
xvi) Pile Driver
xvii) Auger
xviii) Quick Coupler
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 HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
 While selecting attachment for excavator, the following factors should be
considered:
i) Operating weight of the excavator
ii) Hydraulic capability of the system
 Buckets are rated on both their struck and heaped capacities. Bucket
capacity is usually expressed in terms of loose cubic metre (lcm).
 Hydraulic excavators with engine power ranging from 60 HP to 250 HP and
bucket capacity varying from 0.09 cum to 2.10 cum are usually used in the
highway sector.

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 HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
 Since an excavator is primarily used for material handling and cutting, its
performance can be evaluated by considering two important parameters:
i) Lifting Capacity
ii) Digging Capacity

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 HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
 Major factors that affect excavator performance are:
i) Site Conditions – site topography and geology, geotechnical characteristics
of ground/rocks, climate etc.
ii) Cycle Time – angle of swing, depth of cut
iii) Machine Weight
iv) Hydraulic Capability of the machine
v) Bucket Size and Characteristics – bucket size, tip radius
vi) Equipment Downtime – Repairs and maintenance of Equipment
vii) Operator Skill

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