RAhe 1

PANDIT DEENDAYAL
ENERGY UNIVERSITY
20MCT513T: Railway, Airport and Harbour Engineering

Unit-1: Railway Engineering
Dr. Ayyanna Habal

Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, SOT,
Pandit Deendayal Energy University (PDEU)
[Formerly Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University (PDPU)],
Gandhinagar, Gujarat - 382007,
Ayyanna.Habal@sot.pdpu.ac.in Date: 10th March. 2021
Unit-1: Railway Engineering ENERGY
Introduction: Role of railways in transportation,

Indian Railways, Selection of Routes, Permanent way
and its requirements, Gauges and types, coning of
wheels, Rails-Functions-requirements- defects-wear-
creep-welding-joints, creep of rails. Sleepers And
Ballast: Functions, requirements, Types, Track fitting
and fasteners, Smart materials and techniques used in
railway construction
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“Railway, Airport and Harbour Engineering” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, PDEU, Gandhinagar| 10th March. 2021 | 2
Introduction ENERGY
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Modes of Transport ENERGY
Road transport
• Flexibility of operation
• Ability to provide door to- door service
• Suited for carrying light commodities and small number of
passengers over short distances
Air transport
• Heavy expenditure on the sophisticated equipment
required
• High fuel costs
• Suited for carrying passengers or goods in a very short
period of time and long distance
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Contd… ENERGY
Water transport
• Low cost of infrastructure
• Relatively slow speeds
• Suited for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long
distances, provided there is no consideration of the time
factor.
Rail transport
• Heavy expenditure on the basic infrastructure required
• Suited for carrying bulk commodities and a large number
of passengers over long distances.
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Railway as a Mode of
Land Transport
ENERGY
➢ There are two modes of land transport, railways and roads, and each
has its relative advantages and disadvantages.
Features Rail Transport Road Transport
Tractive resistance The movement of steel wheels on The tractive resistance of a
steel rails has basic advantage of low pneumatic tyre on roads is almost
rolling resistance. This reduces five times compared to that of
haulage costs. wheel on rails.
Right of entry A railway track is defined on two rails Roads, though having well-
and is within protected limits. Trains defined limits, can be used by any
work as per a prescribed schedule vehicular traffic and even by
and no other vehicle has the right of pedestrians they are open to all.
entry except at specified level
crossings.
Cost analysis Owing to the heavy infrastructure, The cost of construction and
the initial as well as maintenance cost maintenance of roads is
of a railway line is high. comparatively cheaper.
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Contd.. ENERGY
Features Rail Transport Road Transport

Gradients and The gradients of railway tracks are Roads are constructed normally
curves flatter (normally not more than 1 in with steeper gradients of up to 1
100) and curves are limited up to only in 30 and relatively much sharper
100 on broad gauge. curves.
Flexibility of Due to the defined routes and Roads transports have much
movement facilities required for the more flexibility in movement
reception and dispatch of trains, and can provide door to door
railway can be used only between services.
fixed points.
Environmental Railway has minimum adverse Road transport creates
pollution effects on the environment. comparatively greater
pollution than the railways.
Suitability Railways are best suited for Road transport is best suited
carrying heavy goods and large for carrying lighter goods and
number of passengers over long smaller number of passengers
distances. over short distances.
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History of Railways ENERGY
➢ The first public railway in the world was opened to traffic

on 27 September 1825 between Stockton and Darlington in
the UK.
➢ The USA opened its first railway line between Mohawk
and Hudson in 1833.
➢ The first railway in Germany was opened from
Nurenberg to Furth in 1835.
➢ The first railway line in India was opened in 1853.
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Indian Railways ENERGY
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Contd.. ENERGY
• The first railway line in India was opened in

1853.
• The first train, consisting of one steam engine

and four coaches, made its maiden trip on 16
April 1853, when it traversed a 21-mile stretch
between Bombay (now Mumbai) and Thane in
1.25 hours.
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“Railway, Airport and Harbour Engineering” by Dr. Ayyanna Habal, PDEU, Gandhinagar| 10th March. 2021| 10
Role of Indian Railways ENERGY
➢ Indian Railways has successfully played the role of the

prime carrier of goods and passengers in the Indian
subcontinent.
➢ As the principal constituent of the nation’s transport
infrastructure, the Railways has an important role to play.
✓ It helps integrate fragmented markets and thereby
stimulate the emergence of a modern market economy.
✓ It connects industrial production centers with markets
as well as sources of raw material and thereby facilitates
industrial development.
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Contd.. ENERGY
✓ It links agricultural production centers with distant markets as

well as sources of essential inputs, thereby promoting rapid
agricultural growth.
✓ It provides rapid, reliable, and cost-effective bulk transportation
to the energy sector; for example, to move coal from the
coalfield to power plants and petroleum products from
refineries to consumption centers.
✓ It links people with places, enabling large-scale, rapid, and low-
cost movement of people across the length and breadth of the
country.
✓ In the process, Indian Railways has become a symbol of
national integration and a strategic instrument for enhancing
our defense preparedness.
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Organization of Indian Railways ENERGY
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Zonal Railways ENERGY
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ENERGY
1. Route length 67,415

As on 31.3.2019, the Indian Railways had: (Kms) 2. Running Track length 95,981
Source: https://ircep.gov.in/AboutUs.html 3. Total Trackage 1,23,542
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ENERGY
➢ Route kilometer - indicates the length of a route from

one point to another point.
➢ Running track kilometer is the length of running track
on that route; on a double-line section, the running
track kilometer is about twice the route kilometer.
➢ Total track kilometer indicates the running track
kilometer including turnouts, sidings, yards and
crossings etc., after taking their due weightage into
account.
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Strengths of Indian Railways ENERGY
✓ For a vast country with great distances and a large population,

the railway serve an inherent advantage over other modes of
transport in their suitability for movement of large volumes of
passenger and goods traffic over long distances.
✓ The movement of steel wheels on steel rails in the railway
system has the basic advantage of low rolling resistance, which
reduces energy requirements and haulage costs.
✓ Railways are more efficient than roadways in terms of land use.
✓ Railways are an energy-efficient mode of transport, particularly
for freight traffic, and can use different forms of energy.
✓ Railways also cause relatively less environmental pollution than
roadways.
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Contd… ENERGY
✓ In densely populated urban areas, a rapid transit rail-based

system is the most appropriate mode of transport for suburban
intra-urban travel, as part of a city’s integrated transport system.
✓ Indian Railways is a well-established organization with a large
pool of skilled and trained personnel.
✓ Being part of the Central Government, Indian Railways has the
Government’s financial backing. At the same time, they have
considerable financial autonomy.
✓ Indian Railways is a self-reliant system with respect to its major
equipment needs.
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Weaknesses of Indian Railways ENERGY
✓ A large portion of the railway’s infrastructure is over aged, and

in urgent need of replacement or rehabilitation. This includes
track, motive power and rolling stock, signaling, operational,
and maintenance equipment.
✓ In certain parts of the infrastructure, the technology is 20–25
years behind some of the developed railway systems.
Consequently, the productivity levels are comparatively low.
✓ Indian Railways has a large force of unskilled manpower. The
training facilities need augmentation and modernization.
✓ Resource constraint in the past has adversely affected the
Railways development.
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Contd… ENERGY
✓ Indian Railways carries a substantial ‘social burden’ in the form

of continued operation of un-remunerative branch lines,
subsidies on passenger and suburban travel, and even freight
subsidy on certain commodities.
✓ Railways are not suited for carriage of small quantities of freight
particularly over short distances.
✓ Heavy investments are needed to build up railway transport
capacity and the development periods are long.
✓ Transport capacity is volatile and cannot be recouped (regain) if
not utilized continuously.
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COFMOW ENERGY
➢ The Central Organisation for Modernization of Workshops

(COFMOW) was set up in 1979.
➢ The COFMOW is a public sector undertaking in India, created to
implement the various workshop modernization programs of
Indian Railways.
➢ Most of the workshops of IR are over 100 years old and COFMOW
is modernizing these workshops in a planned way with the
assistance of the World Bank
➢ The COFMOW also provides consultancy and engineering inputs
for technology upgradation, productivity improvement,
machinery selection, and procurement besides training of
personnel in operation and maintenance of manufacturing
infrastructure.
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References ENERGY
1. Hasmukh P. Oza and Gautam H. Oza, Dock and Harbour Engineering, Sixth Edition, Charotar
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 2011
2. S.B. Junnarkar and H.J. Shah, Dock and Harbour Engineering, Charotar Publishing House Pvt.
Limited
3. Seetharaman, S. Dock and Harbour Engineering, Umesh Publications, New Delhi, India, 1999.
4. Srinivasan, R. Harbour, Dock and Tunnel Engineering, Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.,
Anand, India, 2009.
5. Khanna, S. K., Arora, M. G., and Jain, S. S. Airport planning and Design, Sixth Edition, Nem
Chand and Bros, Roorkee, India, 2012.
6. Kumar, V., and Chandra, S. Air Transportation Planning and Design, Galgotia Publications Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi, India, 1999.
7. Neufville, R. D., and Odoni, A. Airport Systems: Planning, Design, and Management, McGraw-
Hill, New York, USA, 2003.
8. Young, S. B., and Wells, A. T. Airport Planning and Management, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill,
New York, USA, 2011.
9. Rangwala, S.C. Railway Engineering, Charotar Publishing House, Anand, India, 2008.
10. S.C. Saxena and S.P. Arora, A textbook of Railway engineering, Sixth Edition, DhanpatRai
Publications, 2001.
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Thank you! ENERGY
Any Questions…?
Dr. Ayyanna Habal

Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering,
SOT, PDEU, Gandhinagar.
Ayyanna.Habal@sot.pdpu.ac.in
https://sites.google.com/view/ayyannahabal/home
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PANDIT DEENDAYAL

20MCT513T: Railway, Airport and Harbour Engineering

Dr. Ayyanna Habal

Introduction: Role of railways in transportation,

Features Rail Transport Road Transport

➢ The first public railway in the world was opened to traffic

• The first railway line in India was opened in

• The first train, consisting of one steam engine

➢ Indian Railways has successfully played the role of the

✓ It links agricultural production centers with distant markets as

1. Route length 67,415

➢ Route kilometer - indicates the length of a route from

✓ For a vast country with great distances and a large population,

✓ In densely populated urban areas, a rapid transit rail-based

✓ A large portion of the railway’s infrastructure is over aged, and

✓ Indian Railways carries a substantial ‘social burden’ in the form

➢ The Central Organisation for Modernization of Workshops

Dr. Ayyanna Habal

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