EEE 360

Energy Conversion and

Transport
George G. Karady & Keith Holbert

Chapter 6
Synchronous Machine

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 Lecture 15

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 Synchronous Machines
• The DC excitation current in the rotor
generates a flux.
• The turbine drives the rotor and produces a
rotating flux
• The rotation cause flux changes in the windings
• The rotating flux induce a ac three phase
voltage in the stator winding.
• This is the rotor induced voltage in the stator.

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 Synchronous Machines
• The generator is loaded
• The load current produces a rotating flux
• This rotating flux induces a ac three phase voltage in
the stator winding.
• This voltage is
– subtracted from the induced voltage.
– represented by a voltage drop on the synchronous reactance
• The equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator is a
voltage source and a reactance connected in series

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 Synchronous Machines
6.3 Generator Application
– Power angle: Angle between the dc
excitation current generated induced voltage and
the terminal voltage

Xsyn Rsta
Flux
Esta Ista Vt
DC

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 Synchronous Machines
6.3 Generator Application
– 6.3.1 Loading: power is less than angle 90 deg
• All generators in the system are connected in parallel
• All generators rotates with the synchronous speed
• The load can be increased by increasing the input mechanical power by
regulating the turbine impute power
• The speed does not change, the power angle increases
• Maximum power angle is 90 degree, beyond that operation is unstable

– 6.3.2 Reactive power regulation

– When the excitation is:
• Increased, the generator reactive power also increases;
• Decreased, the generator reactive power also decreases

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 Synchronous Machines
6.3.3 Synchronization
– Verify that the phase sequences of the two systems are the
same.
– Adjust the machine speed with the turbine that drives the
generator until the generator voltage frequency is nearly the
same as the frequency of the network voltage.
– Adjust the terminal voltage of the generator by changing the dc
field (rotor) current until the generator terminal voltage is almost
equal to the network voltage. Acceptable limit is 5%.
– Adjust the phase angle of the generator terminal voltage by
regulating the input power until it is nearly equal with the
phase angle of the network voltage. Acceptable limits are
about 15°.

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 Synchronous Machines
6.3.4 Static stability
Generator
Sgen  150kV  A Vgen  12.47kV xgen  128%

Transmission line

Lline  48mi ZL  ( 0.5  j  0.67) 
mi
Network
Vnet  12.47kV Inet_short  2kA

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 Synchronous Machines

Generator Distribution line Network

Figure 6.19 One-line diagram of a simple power system

Xsyn Zline Xnet

Isyt
Esta Vnet_ln

Figure 6.20 Single-phase equivalent circuit of the network in Figure 6.19 .

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 System Data

The system data are:

Generator Sgen  150kV  A Vgen  12.47kV xgen  128%

Network Vnet  12.47kV Inet_short  2kA


Distribution line Lline  48mi ZL  ( 0.5  j  0.67) 
mi

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The first step of the study is to calculate the impedances. The generator snchronous reactance
is :

2
Vgen
Xsyn  xgen  Xsyn  1.3269 k
Sgen

The line impedance is:

Zline  ZL Lline Zline  24  32.16j 

The network line -to-netral voltage and reactance is:

Vnet
Vnet_ln  Vnet_ln  7.2 kV
3

Vnet_ln
Xnet  Xnet  3.6 
Inet_short

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The generator induced voltage is: 1


Esta     2  Vnet_ln  e 
j 
Esta ( 60deg)  7.2  12.47j kV

The equivalent circuit shows that the current in this sytem is the voltage
difference divided by the total system impedance
2

Esta     Vnet_ln
Isyt     I syt ( 60deg)  9.148  0.161jA
j  Xsyn  Zline  j  Xnet

The complex power of the generator and network is


Sg     3  Esta     Isyt    Sg ( 60deg)  203.614  338.751j kV  A


Snet     3  Vnet_ln  Isyt    Snet ( 60deg)  197.587  3.48j kV  A

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The power of the generator and network is

Pg     Re  Sg     Pg ( 60deg)  203.614 kW

Pnet     Re  Snet     Pnet ( 60deg)  197.587 kW

The generator terminal voltage is:

Vt     Esta     jXsyn  Isyt    Vt ( 60deg)  7.413  0.331j kV

Vt_ll    3  Vt    Vt_ll( 60deg)  12.853 kV

Vt_ll    Vnet
Reg     Reg ( 60deg)  3.072 %
Vnet

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 The generator and network power vs power angle
  0deg  1deg  180deg

250

200 Unstable
Stable Maximum operation
Pg  operation power
kW
150
Pnet  
kW 100
110
Operation
50 point

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180

deg
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 Maximum power transmitted

  60deg

 max  Maximize Pg     max  91.009 deg

Pg_max  Pg   max Pg_max  236.226 kW

 110kW  root  Pg     110kW     110kW  27.55 deg

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 6.4 Induced Voltage
Synchronous Reactance
Calculation

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 Synchronous Machines
6.4 Induced Voltage and Synchronous Reactance
Calculation

2  sta  rot
E sta    0 N sta N rot If
  gap

3 2  sta  rot
X syn    0 N sta If
  gap

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 Synchronous Machines
Lgap 
0

Lstator C- B+ (Drotor/2) d
- +

N
-/2 d /2
+ - + -
A+ Lrotor
A- Lstator
Lgap S
- +

B- C+

Figure 6.26 Rotor-generated magnetic field in the simplified generator.

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 Synchronous Machines
6.4.1 Induced Voltage
Ampere’s circuital law for this magnetic loop yields

2 Hgap  Lgap  Hrotor Lrotor  Hstator  Lstator Idc_rotor Nrotor

2 Hgap  Lgap Idc_rotor Nrotor If iron core is neglected

Idc_rotor Nrotor

Hgap Idc_rotor   2 Lgap

 
Bgap Idc_rotor   o  Hgap Idc_rotor  
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 Synchronous Machines
6.4.1 Induced Voltage
Bbase     Bbase_max cos  

2
Figure 6.27 Rotor
generated flux 
Brotor Idc_rotor    1
T
density distribution
0
along the rotor 0
Bbase( )
surface
T 1

2
90 60 30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270

Square wave flux equation deg

   
Brotor Idc_rotor    if   90 deg  Bgap Idc_rotor  Bgap Idc_rotor   
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 Synchronous Machines
6.4.1 Induced Voltage
The base component is calculated using the Fourier series

3
 2
1  4
Bbase_max     
Brotor Idc_rotor    cos   d 

 
 Bgap Idc_rotor
 
 
2
4

Bbase_max Idc_rotor   

 Bgap Idc_rotor 

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 Synchronous Machines
6.4.1 Induced Voltage
Substitution of current and flux density results in:

4 Idc_rotor Nrotor

Bbase_max Idc_rotor   
 o
2 Lgap

2
 Drotor
 
 rotor Idc_rotor   Bbase   
2
 Lstator d  Flux integral

 
2

 
 rotor Idc_rotor  Bbase_max Drotor Lstator

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 Synchronous Machines
6.4.1 Induced Voltage
Substitution of current and flux density results in:

  
 A Idc_rotor  t   rotor Idc_rotor  cos   t 
Flux integral
4 Idc_rotor Nrotor

 rotor Idc_rotor   
 o
2 Lgap
 Drotor Lstator

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 Rotating Flux Generation

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 Synchronous Machines
Lgap 
0

Lstator C+ B- (Drotor/2) d

N
-/2 d /2
- - + +
A- A+
Lrotor Lstator
Lgap S

B+ C-

Figure 6.29 Arrangement for calculation of load current generated flux.

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 Synchronous Machines
0.7
A_ac(t)
0.5
C+ B-
0.3

 A_ac(t) 0.1
A- A+
+
0 0.1

B+ C- 0.3

0.5

0.7
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
t
deg

Figure 6.30 Phase A load current generated ac flux.

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 Synchronous Machines
 B(t)

 ABC (t)  C(t)

 A(t)

C+ B-
 B(t) + -  C(t)

- +
A- A+

+ -
B+ C-

Figure 6.31 AC flux generated by the phase currents.

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 Synchronous Machines
0.7

 A_ac ( t ) 0.5

Wb 0.3
 B_ac ( t )
0.1
Wb

 C_ac ( t ) 0.1

Wb 0.3
0
0.5

0.7
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
 t

Figure 6.32 Rotating

deg

t = 0°

C(t)
t = 45° flux generated by the
B(t) phase currents
ABC(0)
B(t) C(t)
ABC(t)
A(t)
A(t)

C+ B- B-
B(t) + - C(t)
C+ + -
C(t)

A- A+
- + - +
A- A+
B(t)
B+ + - C- B+ + - C-

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 Synchronous Machines
1
t  0ms  0.1ms  s
60
1

 ABC ( t ) 0.75

Wb
0.5
 AA ( t )

Wb 0.25

 BA ( t ) 0
Wb
0.25
 CA ( t )

Wb 0.5

0
0.75

1
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
t
deg

Figure 6.33 Flux linkages with phase A.

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 Exercises using MATCAD

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 Synchronous Machines
Transformer
Transmission line Network Figure 6.34 One-line
diagram of synchronous
generator network
Generator

Xsy Xtr ZLine

Figure 6.35 Single-phase
equivalent circuit of
Eg_ln Ig Vg_ln Vtrs_ln Isy Vnet_ln synchronous generator
network.

Xsy_s Xtr ZLine

Figure 6.36 Simplified single-
Eg_s Isy Vnet_ln phase equivalent circuit of
synchronous generator network.

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 Synchronous Machines
  0deg  1deg  180deg
600

500
Pnet  
400
M W
300
Pnetwork
MW 200

100

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180

deg

Figure 6.37 Power delivered to the network as a function of power angle.

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