Introduction to human biology

Lecture 1
2020-2021
Human biology
•Anatomy
•Physiology
• Anatomy: the study of the forms
( structure) of living things.
• physiology: the study of the functions of
living things.

• -
• Terminology – root words

• eg Arthrits
• Arth : joint
• Rits : inflamation
Levels of Organization
• Atoms ( C H N O P S)
• Molecules ( C6H12O6)
• Cells ( Neorons)
• Tissues ( Nervous tissue)
• Organs ( stomach)
• Organ systems ( Digestive system)
• Organism ( Individual)
The major organ systems:
• 1. skeletal
• 2. muscular
• 3. digestive
• 4. respiratory
• 5. urinary
• 6. reproductive
• 7. circulatory
• 8. nervous
• 9. endocrine
Digestive system Respiratory system
 Urinary system Circulatory
system
Metabolism
• Anabolism - building molecules
eg. protein from amino acids

• Catabolism – breaking down molecules

eg skeletal system or bones every 5 years break down of
all the cells and tissues
Requirements for human life
• Nutrients
• eg protein to building
• Oxygen-Cellular respiration
• C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----------6CO2+6H2O+ATP (energy)
• Water –universal solvent
solution= solute + solvent
sugar water= sucrose + water
• Temperature 37* C 98.6* F
chemical reactions occur at a certain temperature
too low ---- molecules slow down
too high---- change structure of molecules
chemical reaction does not take place
• Atmospheric Pressure
• Allows for gas exchange in lungs
• O2 moves for a high to a low pressure
• Homeostasis
Homeo: same
Stasis: state
Dynamic equilibrium
Organizational substances
chemical or molecular:
- 4 major elements within the body
-99% of the total number of atoms within the body

-C, N, O and H
-molecular composition - 67% of our bodies is water
Organic substances:

1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids
•Carbohydrates:
• provide energy to cells
• supply materials to build certain cell structures
• stored as reserve energy supply (humans = glycogen)
• water soluble
• characterized H - C - OH (ratio C:H 1:2)
e.g. glucose C6H12O6
sucrose C12H22O12
• classified by size:
simple – sugars
complex – polysaccharides
• Starch & Glycogen
• starch = storage form of glucose found in plants
• -hydrolyzed into glucose
• glycogen = storage form of glucose found in animals
• -hydrolyzed into glucose (in liver)
• Cellulose
• polysaccharide found in cell walls in plants
• indigestible
•Lipids
•many types
•1. triglycerides = fats and oils
•2. phospholipids
•3. steroids
• cholesterol – animal cell membranes, basis for steroid
hormones
• bile salts - digestion
• vitamin D – calcium regulation
• Adrenocorticosteroid hormones
• Sex hormones.
• 4. Others
• fatty acids
• carotenes – synthesis of vitamin A
• vitamin E – wound healing
• vitamin K – blood clotting
• lipoproteins – HDL and LDL
-polyunsaturated fatty acids
•Proteins
•roles: structural
•energy source
•chemical messengers
•combine with carbohydrates = glycoproteins
•receptors
•antibodies
•metabolic role - enzymes
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