Lesson 26:

Transformers and Reflected

Impedance

1
 Learning Objectives
• Predict the reflected impedance and derive an
equivalent circuit using the reflected impedance.
• Calculate the transformation ratio to deliver
maximum power to a load.
• Determine safe operation parameters from power
transformer ratings.
• Explain how the transformer acts as an isolation
device.
• List and explain several practical applications of
transformers.
2
 Winding Direction

• Recall that the polarity of ac voltages can be changed

by changing the direction of the windings.

0º phase
shift

180º phase
shift

3
 Transformation Ratio
• Recall that the transformation ratio (a) is the ratio of the
primary voltage to secondary voltage, which is equal to the
ratio of primary turns to secondary turns, which is equal to the
ratio of the secondary current to the primary current or
otherwise stated:
E pri N pri I sec
  a
Esec N sec I pri

4
 Current Ratio and Power

• Because we are considering an ideal transformer,

power in equals power out (Pin = Pout).
Sin  Sout
E pri I pri  Esec I sec
I pri Esec 1
 
I sec E pri a

I sec  ( I pri ) * a E pri

Esec 
I a
I pri  sec E pri  Esec * a
a

• The above shows that if the voltage is stepped up,

then the current is stepped down, and vice versa.
5
 Reflected Impedance
• Transformers make load impedances “look” bigger or smaller
depending on their turns ratio (a).
• Zpri-reflected is the impedance that “appears” at the primary
windings.
• The term a2*Zsec is referred to as the load’s reflected
impedance.
E pri N pri I sec
  a
Esec N sec I pri

E pri aEsec 2 Esec

 pri-reflected   a  a 2 Z sec
I pri  I sec  I sec
 
 a 
6
 Reflected Impedance

E pri aEsec 2 Esec

 pri-reflected   a  a 2 Z sec
I pri  I sec  I sec
 
 a 
7
 Example Problem 1
Use the reflected impedance concept to solve for the total impedance ZT.
Determine Ig and ILD.
NOTE: You must use the
“reflected impedance”
method any time there are
line impedances in the
primary circuit!

 pri-reflected  a 2 Z sec  (4) 2 (20  j10 )  320  j160 Redraw the circuit:

T  Z pri  Z pri reflected  320  j160  320  j160  640 320  j160

E pri 1000 320  j160

I g  I pri    156mA0
ZT 6400

I LD  I sec  I pri a  (156mA0)(4)  625mA0

8
 Power Supply Transformers

• Power supply transformers are used to convert

incoming 120 Vac to dc voltages of various levels
necessary for different circuits.

9
 Impedance Matching

• Transformers are used to raise or lower the apparent

impedance in order to achieve maximum power
transfer.

• Recall that Pmax is transferred to a load when it’s

impedance is a match with the internal resistance of
the supply.
10
 Example (Chapter 23, pg. 1045)
The source impedance (Zpri) for the supply is 500Ω, which is a poor match with the 8Ω impedance of the speaker.
Is is given as 236.2mA. You can expect that the power delivered to the speaker will be less than the maximum
power possible.
a) Determine the power to the speaker under the original conditions shown in figure (a) below.
Next, in figure (b), a commercially available 500Ω to 8Ω impedance matching transformer is introduced between
the speaker and the source.
b) Determine the input impedance of the transformer and the power delivered to the speaker.

a)
b) Now that the transformer input impedance matches the source impedance the source current can
now be determined as:

Poriginal  446mW and PZmatch  7.2W

7.2W
 ratio of about 16 :1 ratio
11 446mW
 Example Problem 2
An amplifier is modeled with a Thèvenin equivalent impedance of 36-54j .
a. What load impedance must be chosen to ensure maximum power transfer occurs?
b. What is the transformer load (VA) for this value of Z LD?

36  j54

Eg  100V 0 36  j 54 V pri  VLD

 4  j 6

E pri
b) I pri 
a) ZTh  (36  j 54 ) ZT
 pri-reflected  Z *Th  (36  j 54 ) 1000 1000
I pri    1.39 A0
36  j 54  36  j 54 72
Now find the xfmr load impedance:
 pri -reflected  a 2 Z sec V pri  VLD  I pri Z prirefl =>Vpri is not the same as Eg
(36  j 54 )  (3) 2 ( Z LD )
36  j 54 V pri  (1.39 A0)(36  j 54 )  90.2V 56.3
Z LD   4  j 6
32 S pri  V pri I pri  (1.39 A)(90.2V )  125.4VA
 4Ω resistor and a 6Ω inductor 12
 Example Problem 3
An amplifier is modeled with a Thèvenin equivalent impedance of 320-160j . A
transformer is used to impedance match the load to the source to ensure max power
transfer.
a. What turns ratio should be chosen for the transformer, and what value of load
resistance should be chosen to ensure max power transfer?
b. What is the real and reactive power of the load? What is the real and reactive power
delivered by the source?
NOTE: we only need to look at
a)  refl  a 2 Z LD the reactance for max power to
2
the turns ratio (a).
80Ω
(  j160 )  ( a) ( j 40)
2

j160
a 2
j 40
Now we know (a) we can find the real (R) resistive portion:

 refl  a 2 Z LD  Rrefl  a 2 RLD

Rrefl 320
RLD    80
a2 2 2

13
 Example Problem 3 cont.
An amplifier is modeled with a Thèvenin equivalent impedance of 320-160j . A
transformer is used to impedance match the load to the source to ensure max power
transfer.
a. What turns ratio should be chosen for the transformer, and what value of load
resistance should be chosen to ensure max power transfer?
b. What is the real and reactive power of the load? What is the real and reactive power
delivered by the source? 2:1

b) T  Z refl  Z LD  (320  j160)  (320  j160) 80Ω

T  640 Remember, Zpri = a ZLD

2

E 100V 0
I pri  pri   156.2mA0
ZT 6400 320  j160
I sec  I pri a  (156.2mA0)(2)  312.4mA0
Eg  100V 0 320  j160 V pri  VLD
PLD  I 2 sec RLD  (312.4mA) 2 (80 )  7.8W
QLD  I 2 sec X LD  (312.4mA) 2 (40 )  3.9VAR
Ppri / source  I 2 pri RT  (156.2mA) 2 (640 )  15.6W =>This implies xfmr Pin = 7.8W, which = Pout of 7.8W

Qsource  0VAR Remember that Xpri = XLD are matched therefore cancel each other out (-j160=j160)
14
QUESTIONS?

15