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Module I-From Empire to Nation State 1789-1938

1st World War-Independence War and the

Establishment of the Republic
 OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND
WORLD WAR I: 1914-1918
In the WWI there were Entente (Allied Powers) and
Central Powers. Ottoman Empire became an ally of the
Central Powers with the incident of «Goeben and
Breslau».

FRONTS:
 Caucasus Front
 Gallipoli Front
 Arabian Front
FIRST WORLD WAR
 SECRET TREATIES DURING
WWI AND PEACE TREATIES IN
ITS AFTERMATH
Balance politics and Secret Promises: Peace Treaties:
Treaties: • Arabian Rebellion • Treaty of Versailles
 Constantinople Agreement • Balfour Declaration • Treaty of Sevres
 Treaty of London
 Sykes-Picot Agreement
 St Jean de Maurienne
NATIONAL SELF-
DETERMINATION AND
WILSON’S 14 PRINCIPLES
Self-determination, the freedom of the people of a given
territory or national grouping to determine their own political
status and how they will be governed without undue
influence from any other country
The clause related to Ottoman Empire and National Self-
Determination in Wilson’s Principles:
 The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should
be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities
which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an
undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested
opportunity of autonomous development, and the
Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free
passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under
international guarantees. Halide Edip holding a Soldiers in Anatolia holding a
sign mentioning the 12th banner mentioning 12th aricle of
article of the Wilson’s 14 Wilson’s 14 principles.
principles.

END OF WORLD WAR I
Mehmet VI (Vahdettin) throned as the Ottoman
Sultan in 1918
Mudros Armistice- 31 October 1918
CUP leaders left the country as the Mudros
Armistice was signed.
Power Vacuum in Istanbul
Karakol Teşkilatı (Guard Organization)
Karakol Teşkilatı: The secret
organization Karakol Teşikatı was founded
by the Kara Kemal and Kara Vasıf
(members of CUP) in İstanbul after 1918.
The mission of the organization was
gathering information, recruting military
personal and armory for the Independence
War.
Müdafaa-ı Hukuk Cemiyetleri (Defence
of Rights Associations): The associations
which were founded after the Mudros
Armistice to defend the rights of regions
of the Ottoman Empire. All associations
were united in Sivas Congress under the
name of Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-ı
Hukuk Cemiyeti.
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
1919
 Invasion of İzmir by Greeks
 Mustafa Kemal landed to Samsun
 Amasya Circular (21-22 June)
 Erzurum Congress (23 July)
 Sivas Congress (4-11 September)
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
National Pact
 Territories inhabited by an Ottoman Muslim majority (united in religion, race and aim) formed an
indivisible whole.
 Plebiscite-Western Thrace-Arab provinces-Kars, Ardahan, Batum.
 Economic independence.
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
 Last Ottoman Parliament and adoption
of Misak-ı Milli
 Invasion of Istanbul by British forces
 Opening of Grand National Assembly
 Sevres Treaty
 Independence Tribunals: The
Independence Tribunals (İstiklâl

WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
Mahkemeleri) were eight special courts
founded during the Turkish War of
Independence to prosecute those who
were against the system of the
government. They were located in
1921-1922 Ankara, Eskişehir, Konya, Isparta,
 1-2 İnönü Battles Sivas, Kastamonu, Pozantı, and
 Sakarya Battle Diyarbakır. All but the Ankara court
were terminated in 1921. They will be
 Dumlupınar Battle-30 August 1922-The Victory Day
revived after Sheikh Said Rebellion in
1922-1923 Lausanne Conference 1925.

1922-Abolishment of the Sultanate Teşkilat-ı Esasiye. The Constitution of

1921 (Ottoman Turkish: Teşkilât-ı Esasiye
Kanunu; Turkish: 1921 Türk Anayasası) was
the fundamental law of Turkey for a brief
period from 1921 to 1924. The first
constitution of the modern Turkish state, it
was ratified by the Grand National
Assembly of Turkey in January 1921.
SEVRES TREATY (AUGUST
1920)
The Treaty of Sevres left the Ottoman Empire only a rump state in nothern Asia Minor
with Istanbul as its capital.
 Eastern Thrace and the area around İzmir were given to Greece
 The straits were internationalized.
 An independent Armenian republic was created in Eastern Anatolia.
 France established mandates in Syria and Lebanon and a sphere of influence in
southern Anatolia. Britain established mandates in Palestine,southern Syria (now called
Transjordan) and Mesopotamia (Iraq), including Mosul.
 Italy received the southwestern part of Asia Minor as a sphere of influence.
 Kurdistan to the North of the province of Mosul was left with the Ottoman Empire, but
was to receive autonomy and the right to appeal for independence to the League of
Nations within a year.
 Capitulations were reinstated.
SEVRES TREATY
 LAUSANNE TREATY
Basically, though not in every detail, the goals of the National Pact had been attained and
within the borders of the National Pact the Turkey that emerged was a completely sovereign
state.
 The Mosul stayed in Iraq with British control for issue to be taken to League of Nations.
 Sancak of Alexandrette remained with French Syria., except for Gökçeada and Bozcaada; the Aegean islands
remained with Greece and Italy.
 Anatolia and Eastern Thrace became part of the new state and there was no mention of Armenia and Kurdistan.
 The straits zone was internationalized; under a commission chaired by a Turk and demilitarized.
 The capitulations remained abolished, but Turkey had to honour all existing foreign concessionsand it was not
free to change its customs and tariffs till 1929.
 Minorities: Turkey bound itself to protect its citizens; regardless of creed, nationality or language. Minorities
were defined based on religion
LAUSANNE TREATY-1923