CGT 120

Week 8&9
Week 8&9
Dimensioning
(Bertoline Chapter 9)
(Leach Chapters 28 & 29)
 Dimensioning
 Size information is added to drawings
according to standards and conventions
 Drawings are to scale, but all necessary
dimensions (sizes and locations of
features) must be given
 Considerations for Dimensioning

 How the part is used

 How the part is made
 Units of Measure
 American industry generally uses the inch
as the basic unit of measure
 Most other countries use the system
international (SI) with the basic unit the
millimetre
 Units symbols (in or mm) are not shown
on the drawing but are indicated by a note
Terminology
 Terminology
 Dimension
 Basic dimension
 Reference dimension
 Dimension line
 Arrows
 Extension line
 Leader line
 More Terminology
 Visible gap
 Limits of size
 Plus and minus dimension
 Tolerance
 Diameter symbol ()
 Radius symbol (R)
 Basic Dimensioning Concepts
 Give size and location of all features
 Size of main feature
 length, height, width
 Size of other features (basic shapes)
 prism, cylinder, wedge, cone, sphere
 Locate other features with respect to main
feature
Example
Size and Location Dimensions
 Size Dimensions
 Prism: length, width, height
 Cylinder: diameter, height
 Wedge: length, width, height or length,
width, angle
 Cone: diameter, height or diameter, angle
Prism Size Dimensions
Cylinder Size Dimensions
 Location Dimensions
 Horizontal position
 Vertical position
 Angle
Dimension Text Placement
Dimension Alignment
Symbols
 Dimension Considerations
 Dimension fully
 Avoid redundancy
 Do not dimension to hidden lines
 Dimension diameter of holes (with note)
 Dimension radius of arcs
 Place dimension on view that best shows
feature (profile of holes)
 Group associated dimensions
Dimension Considerations (2)
 Spacing
 Alignment - from bottom (new)
 Dimension off object
 Do not cross dimension lines
 Use center lines as extension lines to
locate holes (not the edge of the hole)
 TG155

Tolerance
Limits, Tolerance, and
Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerance (GDT)
(Bertoline Chapter 9)
 Tolerance
 Tolerance is the total amount a dimension
may vary (the difference between the
maximum and minimum limits)
 Representing Tolerance
 General tolerance
 Note: all decimals ±.02

 Limit dimensions

 Plus and minus dimensions

 unilateral
 bilateral
 Terms
 Nominal size (common reference)
 Basic size (theoretical size)
 Actual size (measured)
 Limits
 Tolerance
 Maximum material condition (MMC)
 Least material condition (LMC)
 Fits of Mating Parts
 Consider a shaft and hole as a system of
mating parts
 Clearance fit - hole larger than shaft
 Interference fit - shaft larger than hole
 Transition fit - either possible
Determining Fits
 Standard Precision Fits
 ANSI Standard B4.1 (tables)
 Running and sliding fit (RC)
 Clearance locational fit (LC)
 Transition locational fit (LT)
 Interference locational fit (LN)
 Force and shrink fit (FN)
 (Based in ISO standards)
 Terms
 Tolerance of hole - difference between
largest and smallest hole
 Tolerance of shaft - difference between
largest and smallest shaft
 Allowance - difference between smallest
hole and largest shaft (negative for
interference) (minimum clearance)
 Hole Basis System
 Smallest possible hole (MMC) is the basic
size
 Hole tolerance added to basic size for largest
hole
 Allowance subtracted from basic size for
largest shaft
 Tolerance of shaft subtracted from largest
shaft for smallest shaft
 Example - Hole Basis System
 Nominal size - 2”
 Basic size - 2.000”
 Hole tolerance - .004”
 Shaft tolerance - .003”
 Allowance - .006”
Example - Hole Basis System
Hole Basis System
 Tolerance Stack-up
 Tolerances taken from the same direction
from one reference are additive
 Tolerances taken to the same point in
different directions are additive in both
directions
 Tolerance Stack-up

Case 1 - .020 between centers

 Tolerance Stack-up

Case 2 - .010 between centers

 Tolerance Stack-up

Case 3 - .005 between centers

Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerance (GDT)
 Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing (GDT)
 Parts are defined based on how they
function
 Important geometry is dimensioned with
GDT symbols
GDT Symbols
 Example - Table (p528)
 Height - 30 2
 Flatness - Whatever the height, the
table top must be flat ±.25
 Without GDT this requirement is difficult
to show
 Example - Table (p528)
 Height - 30 2
 Flatness - Whatever the height, the
table top must be flat ±.25
 Without GDT this requirement is difficult
to show
 Feature Control Frame

 Symbol
 Size of tolerance zone
 Material condition symbols
 Datum feature
 Example (fig 9.76)

 Length 1.50±.02 - Parallel requirement

adds to description
 Diameter .755 to .735 - Circularity
requirement adds to description
Rule 1: Individual Feature Size
 Where only a tolerance of size is
specified, the limits of size of an
individual feature prescribe the extents
to which variations in its geometric form,
as well as size, are allowed.
 Example - Shaft (fig 9.77)
 Length 2.00±.01 .500±.005
 includes circularity control .005
 To fully dimension geometry:
 Straightness of line elements
 Flatness of ends
 Parallelism between opposite line elements
 Material Conditions
 Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
 largest acceptable size for external feature
 smallest acceptable size for internal feature
 object weighs the most
 Least Material Condition (LMC)
 Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)
 Perfect Form at MMC
 Envelope principle - at the MMC, the
“perfect” manufactured part is the
“envelope”
 Example: a shaft at MMC must be
perfectly round
 Example: a hole that is misshapen must
be larger than MMC
 Inspection Tools (Section 9.13)

 For the geometric controls to be applied, it

must be necessary to measure or check
the geometry
 Read the section
 Datum Features
 Datum: the starting place for a dimension
 Not a real feature
 Centerline - derived from measurement
 Surface - represented by a theoretical
plane - simulated by a surface plate
 Measurement from the theoretical point