A ONE DAY

TRAINING PROGRAMME
ON

CNC PROGRAMMING
WITH
PRACTICAL APPROACH
•To Understand working principle and
applications of CNC Machines.

•To be able to prepare CNC Part

Programs for machining 2D
Work piece.
Increased speed at which parts are produced
(productivity).
Producing the same quality for all work parts.
Better dimensional accuracy which gives

exact and correct dimensions.

Increased ability to produce difficult parts.
Less scrap.
CNC stands for Computer Numerical
Control.
 It is the technology of controlling a
machining operation using a computer
program, which is called Numerical Control
(NC) Program.
 In other words, a computer rather than a
person will directly control the machine tool.
A system in which actions are controlled by the direct insertion
of numerical data at some point. The system must automatically
interpret at least some portion of this data.
 In simple words a CNC System receives numerical data,

interpret the data and then control the action accordingly.

 The most important computerized machine
tools that are used extensively in the
industry are:

CNC Turning CNC Milling

(Lathe) machine machine
 Input device
 Machine control unit
 Machine tool
 Driving system
 Feedback devices
 Display unit
1. Floppy drive

2.Pen drive
Control system used for conventional lathe.
Control system use for CNC
Elements of CNC
In order to shape metal by machine tools, the
cutting tool should move in contact with the
workpiece at certain specific points, while the
workpiece or cutting tool is rotating.

Coordinate system is required to define the

movement on the machine.
Basically there are two common
coordinate systems:

Cartesian Polar
coordinate coordinate
system system
Is used to describe the position of a point in
the space.

2D Cartesian 3D Cartesian
Coordinate Coordinate
System System
To ensure that the control system of the
machine will read the specified
coordinates correctly to indicate the
position of the workpiece; the machine
tool has its own "coordinate system“.
 The following points are part of this
system.

-Machine Zero point

(M)

- Work piece Zero

Point (W)
The origin of the coordinate system.
It is defined by the manufacturer and
cannot be changed. In general, the machine
zero point M is located in the center of the
work spindle nose for CNC lathes.
Fig. shows (M) machine zero point for
lathe machine and its symbol.
The workpiece zero point (W) is the origin
of the work part-based coordinate system.
Its location is specified by the programmer.
The ideal location of the work part zero
point allows the dimensions to be directly
taken from the drawing.

In case of turning the workpiece zero point

is generally in the center of the left or right
side of the completed part.
Fig. shows (W) workpiece zero point and its
symbol.
 Right hand rule
y
 Z axis align with the spindle - +Z moves away y z

from the workpiece or the spindle. x

 X axis - Lathe: perpendicular to the spindle.z x

 Horizontal machine: parallel to the table.

 Vertical machine: +X points to the right.
CNC Turning machine has at least 2 controllable feed
axes, marked as X and Z;
 When the cutting tool moves toward and
backward the machine spindle, this is
called movement along X axis.

 When the cutting tool moves in cross

direction to the longitudinal axis of the
workpiece, this is called movement along Z
axis.
 Positive Z direction is
when the tool moves away
from the work piece in Z axis
and when negative Z
Towards the work piece in z
axis.
 Positive X direction is
when the tool moves away
from the work part in X axis
and when x negative tool
moves towards the work
piece in x axis.
Turning Machine axes

 Y axis is eliminated or always zero for the CNC lathe.

To machine a workpiece we need a
technical drawing on which we should
illustrate the required dimensions to make
the required shape.
To dimension the workpiece we need to specify
a certain point on it, from which we should take
the measurement. This point is the origin point.

The origin point on the workpiece is called

Workpiece zero point (W).
There are two types of Dimensioning

Absolute Incremental
Dimensioning Dimensioning
All measurements are
taken from the work
piece zero point.
Calculated from work
piece zero W
See the Figure:
In the drawings for CNC turning absolute system
considers the value of X as the diameter value not the
radius.
Uses incremental values
that are always measured
from the current point to
the next point.
The cutting speed is the speed
at which the circumference of
the work part moves along the
cutter, see Fig.
Cutting Speeds and Feeds
The magnitude of cutting speed is determined
by the:
1. Material of the work part.
2. Material of the cutting tool.
3. Infeed (surface quality roughing,finishing).
 The feed of a lathe may be defined as the distance the
cutting tool advances along the length of the work for
every revolution of the spindle.
 For example, if the lathe is set for a 4 mm feed, the
cutting tool will travel along the length of the work 4
mm for every min that the work makes. So the unit of
feed (F) is mm/sec.
Depth of cut is the
difference in height
between machined surface
and the work surface.
(amount of material cut in
single cut .(in mm).
See Fig.
CNC codes are described in simple pattern as:
N001 G001 X25 Z20 F60
N001 : no 0r indexing of the line
G01 : address to tool
X25: distance in x axis tool travel (25 mm)
Z20: distance in z axis tool travel (20 mm)
F60: feed rate for tool while travel(60 mm/min)
Preparatory function(G address):
it determine how tool is to move to
programmed target.
Most common G address are listed below.
G00............... Rapid Positioning
G01…………Linear Interpolation
G02…………Clockwise Circular Interpolation
G03…………counter clockwise interpolation
Miscellaneous functions (M address):
Miscellaneous functions are programmed for
machine control, the machine operation other than co
ordinate movement.
The common M functions are as follows:
M01…………Optional Program Stop
M02…………Program End
M03…………Spindle Start Clockwise
M05…………Spindle Stop
M30…………Program End Rewinde
M03 s750 ……………(spindle on and rotate at speed
750 rpm)
G01 X30 Z0 F80…….(linear interpolation at x30,z0)
G01 X20 F80
G01 Z-60 F80
G01 X30 Z0 F80
G01 X10 F80
G01 Z-40 F80
G01 X30 Z0 F80
M05………………………(spindle stop)
M30 ……………………(spindle stop end of program
and repeat)
 High initial cost
 Need high qualified operator.
THANK YOU …..