Chapter No-4

Special Types of Solid Wastes.

Marks-24
Definition of Biomedical Waste
 As per Bio-Medical Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules, 1998 , “Bio-medical waste is
any type of waste generated during the
diagnosis, treatment of human beings or
animals or in research activities to the
production of drugs in pharmaceutical
companies, animal waste generated in the
veterinary hospitals.
Sources Generating Bio-Medical Waste:
Major Sources:
Govt. hospitals/private hospitals/nursing homes/
dispensaries
Primary health centers
Medical colleges and research centers/
paramedic services
Veterinary colleges and animal research centers
Blood banks/mortuaries
Biotechnology institutions
Production units
Sources Generating Bio-Medical Waste:
Minor Sources:
Physicians/ dentists’ clinics
Animal houses/slaughter houses
Blood donation camps
Vaccination centers
Cosmetic surgery
Funeral services
Classification
Non hazardous:
approximately 75-90% of the
biomedical waste is non-hazardous

and as harmless as any other

municipal waste.
(Plastic,Glass,Cardboared,etc)
Hazardous waste:
10-25% is hazardous and can be
injurious to humans or animals
and deleterious to environment.
Classification and management
Treatment of BMW at Source:
Incineration
Chemical Disinfection
Autoclaving
Shredding
Microwave Irradiation
Plasma Pyrolysis
Microwave Irradiation

The microwave is based on the principle of generation of high

frequency waves.
These waves cause the particles within the waste material to
vibrate, generating heat.
This heat generated from within kills all pathogens.
Microwave Irradiation
Plasma Pyrolysis

It is a state-of-the-art technology for safe disposal of medical

waste.
 It is an environment-friendly technology, which converts
organic waste into commercially useful byproducts.
The intense heat generated by the plasma enables it to dispose
all types of waste including municipal solid waste, biomedical
waste and hazardous waste in a safe and reliable manner.
Medical waste is pyrolysed into CO, H2, and hydrocarbons
when it comes in contact with the plasma-arc.
These gases are burned and produce a high temperature
(around 1200oC).
Plasma Pyrolysis
Chemical Disinfection:
High level disinfectants like chlorine releasing compounds are
used for disinfecting materials contaminated with blood and
blood products. The recommended dilutions for these compounds
are given as follows:
Name of Disinfectant Available Required Required Amount of
chlorine chlorine chlorine disinfectant to
Contact period be dissolved in
1 ltr of water

Sodium hypochlorite 5% 0.5% 30 min 100 ml

Calcium hypochlorite 70% 0.5% 30 min 7.0 g

NaOCl powder -- 0.5% 30 min 8.5 g

Chloramine 25% 0.5% 30 min 20 g

 E-waste
40 Million
0.8 million ton
ton E-waste
is contributed
by India globally
produced

E-Waste: Waste of electronics / electrical goods that have reached

their end of life
Electronic products often contain hazardous and toxic materials and
should not be dumped with other wastes.
Along with China, India is largest importer of E-waste from
developed countries like US, UK and Japan.
In India 90% of mobile equipment are imported.
The rate of e-waste generation is increasing by 10% every year.
Varieties of E- waste
 Telecommunication Waste:

● Mobile phones
● Telephones
● Telephone exchanges Wireless Equipment cables and related scrap material
● PC and TV

Electrical Waste:

● Switches
● Relays
● Connectors and related Scrap Material.

Electronic Waste:

● Electronic – metal waste

● Printed Circuit Boards
● E – Equipment and Machinery
● IC
● Sockets Connectors.

Cable Waste:

● PVC
● Pre Insulated Copper and Aluminium Cable waste.
 Disposal of E- waste
Methods
 Land filing
 incineration
 Pyrolysis
 Recycle and reuse
 Industrial waste
Industrial waste is the waste produced by
industrial activity which includes any material
that is rendered useless during a manufacturing
process such as that of factories, mills, and
mining operations. It has existed since the start
of the Industrial Revolution