PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

Normal, Students ‘T’ and Binomial Distribution

NAME PRN
Rahul D S 20020741109
Rahul Radhakrishnan 20020741111
Ramya Ramesh 20020741112
Sarath Rajeev 20020741117
Sanchi Bhatia 20020741080
Agenda
01 INTRODUCTION

• Random Variable, Probability Distribution and its types

• Differences between Discrete and Continuous Distribution

02 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

• Definition, Empirical Rule, Z Score

• Application

03 T DISTRIBUTION

• Definition and Properties

• Comparison and Uses

04 BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
 What is a Random Variable?
A random variable is a numerical description of the outcome of an experiment.

Definition and Example

• A random variable is a quantity resulting from a
random experiment that, by chance, can
assume different values.

• Example: Consider a random experiment in

which a coin is tossed three times. X= No. of
heads, H= outcome of a head and T= outcome
of a tail.

• From the definition of a random variable, X as

defined in this experiment, is a random
variable.

• X values are determined by the outcomes of

the experiment.
 What is Probability Distribution?
 A probability distribution is a list of all of the possible outcomes of a random variable along
with their corresponding probability values.

 The probability distribution for the random variable X (number of heads) in tossing a coin
three times
Types of Probability Distribution
Probability
Probability Distribution Distribution

Discrete & Continous

Discrete Continous
• Discrete – random variable can take only limited Distribution Distribution
number of values. Eg: No. of heads in two tosses.
• Continous – Random variable can take any value.
Eg: Height of students in the class.

Types of Discrete &

Normal
Continous Binomial
Distribution
Uniform
Distribution Distribution
T
Distribution
distribution
Differences – Discrete and Continuous Distribution

Discrete distributions have Continuous distributions have

finite number of different possible infinite many consecutive possible
outcomes values.

We can add up individual We cannot add up individual

values to find out the probability values to find out the probability of
of an interval an interval because there are many of
them

DISCRETE
DISCRETE &
&
CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS
Discrete distributions can be Continuous distributions can be
expressed with a graph, piece- expressed with a continuous
wise function or table function or graph.

Expected values might not be To calculate the chance of an

achievable. interval, we required integrals
 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
The normal distribution is the most important probability distribution in statistics because it fits
many natural phenomena. For example, heights, blood pressure, measurement error, and IQ
scores
follow the normal distribution.
It is also known as the Gaussian distribution.

The most common and the most It has the shape of a bell.
useful continuous distribution.

A symmetrical probability Can entirely be described by

distribution where most results are its mean and standard
located in the middle and few are deviation
spread on both sides.
 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Empirical Rule:
For any normally distributed data:
• 68% of the data fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean.
• 95% of the data fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
• 99.7% of the data fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean.

Example:
 Suppose that the heights of a few people are normally distributed.
 The mean height is 178 cm and a standard deviation is 7 cm.
 We can generalize that:
 68% of population are between 171 cm and 185 cm.
 This might be a generalization, but it’s true if the data is
normally distributed.
 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Standard Normal Distribution:
• A common practice to convert any normal distribution to the
standardized form and then use the standard normal table to find
probabilities.
• It always has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.
• A value on the standard normal distribution is known as a
standard score or a Z-score.
 z-score
• The z-score specifies the precise location of each X value within a
distribution
• It is one number that establishes the relationship between:
• The score
• The mean
• The standard deviation
• The numerical value specifies the distance from the mean by counting
the number of standard deviations
• The sign (+ or -) indicates whether the score is above the mean (+) or
below the mean (-)
X Where,
z 
• X = Value under discussion
• µ = Mean
• σ = Standard deviation
 Demonstration: Jesse’s Test Scores
• Math test score: X = 80
• Physics test score: X = 70

Which test did Jesse do better in?

Dunno. We need more information.
We need to know the mean and standard
deviations for each distribution.

Math: μ = 85, σ = 6 Physics: μ = 65, σ = 4

z  70  65  5  1.250
X z 80  85 5
  0.833
z  6 6 4 4

Even though the raw score of 80 is greater than 70, Jesse did comparatively better
in the physics exam.
 Practice problem
If birth weights in a population are normally distributed with a mean of
109 oz and a standard deviation of 13 oz,
a) What is the chance of obtaining a birth weight of 141 oz or he
avier when sampling birth records at random?

141 109
z
X
 Z  2.46
13

From the chart or SAS  Z of 2.46 corresponds to a right tail (greater than)
area of: P(Z≥2.46) = 1-(.9931)= .0069 or .69 %
b. What is the chance of obtaining a birth weight of 120 or lighter?

120  109
z
X
 Z  .85
13

From the chart or SAS  Z of .85 corresponds to a left tail area

of: P(Z≤.85) = .8023= 80.23%
T DISTRIBUTION
The T distribution is also called Student’s T Distribution.

A probability distribution that is used to estimate population parameters when the

sample size is small and/or when the population variance is unknown.

If X is normally distributed and a sample of size n is randomly chosen from this
underlying population, the probability distribution of the random variable is known as
Student's t distribution with n- 1 degrees of freedom.

PROPERTIES
Mean of distribution is ZERO
Symmetrical about the mean.
Variable t ranges from -∞ to +∞
As N increases, it approaches the ND
When to Use the t Distribution?
The t distribution can be used with any
statistic having a bell-shaped distribution
Quantitative data, random samples
The population distribution is normal
The population distribution is symmetric,
uni-modal, without outliers, and the
sample size is at most 30.
The population distribution is moderately
skewed, uni-modal, without outliers, and
the sample size is at most 40.
COMPARING T DISTRIBUTION & NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
T Distribution Normal Distribution
More spread Less spread
More area in tails Less area in tails
Less area in centre More area in centre
Used for small n Used for large n
Population standard Population standard
deviation is unknown deviation is known
Uni-modal Uni-modal
Total area of curve is Total area of curve is
one one
 USES OF T DISTRIBUTION

The T Distribution is used in hypothesis testing to determine whether to accept or

reject the null hypothesis.

The central region on this graph is the acceptance area and the tail is the
rejection region.
Binomial Distribution
01 Define
• What is Binomial Distribution?

• Properties of Binomial Distribution

• Examples and Formula

02 Comparison with Normal Distribution

03 Application
Binomial Distribution
What is Binomial Distribution?

• Probability of a success or failure outcome in an experiment or

survey

• Repeated multiple times

• Two possible outcomes 

For example, a coin toss has only two possible outcomes:

heads or tails and taking a test could have two possible outcomes: pass
or fail.

Properties of Binomial Distribution:

1. The experiment consists of a sequence of n identical trials

2. Two outcomes are possible on each trial

3. Success : p & Failure: 1-p

( Note: The probability does not change
from trial to trial) 4. The trials are independent
 Example and Formula
Probability of getting a 6 on a die roll
Roll a die 20 times
The probability of rolling a six on any
throw is 1/6.
Success would be “roll a one” and
Failure would be “roll anything else”
Roll twenty times and you have a
binomial distribution of (n=20, p=1/6)
The binomial distribution formula is :
Where:
b = binomial probability
x = total number of “successes” (pass or fail, heads or tails etc.)
P = probability of a success on an individual trial
n = number of trials
Note: The binomial distribution formula can also be written in a slightly
different way, because nCx = n! / x!(n – x)! (this binomial distribution
formula uses factorials
“q” in this formula is just the probability of failure (subtract your
probability of success from 1).
Binomial Distribution & Normal Distribution
Binomial Distribution Normal Distribution

Discrete Continuous

No data Points between two data points Continuous data points

Finite number of events Infinite number of events

Fig. Distribution of birthweight of 3226 babies

 Application
80% of people who purchase pet insurance are women.  If 9 pet insurance
owners are randomly selected, find the probability that exactly 6 are
women.
                               

Step 1: Identify ‘n’ from the problem. Using our example question, n (the Step 5: Work the second part of the formula.
number of randomly selected items) is 9. pX
= .86
Step 2: Identify ‘X’ from the problem. X (the number you are asked to find = .262144
the probability for) is 6. Set this number aside for a moment.
Step 3: Work the first part of the formula. The first part of the formula is Step 6: Work the third part of the formula.
n! / (n – X)!  X! q(n – X)
Substitute your variables: = .2(9-6)
9! / ((9 – 6)! × 6!) = .23
Which equals 84. Set this number aside for a moment. = .008
Step 4: Find p and q. p is the probability of success and q is the probability Step 7: Multiply your answer from step 3, 5, and 6 together.
of failure. We are given p = 80%, or .8. So the probability of failure is 1 – . 84  × .262144 × .008= 0.176
8 = .2 (20%).
Thank you