Metal Machining and Automation

(ME 3201)

PRESENTED BY

D R . S A N N D H YA R A N I B I S WA S
A S S I S TA N T P R O F E S S O R
D E PA R T M E N T O F M E C H A N I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G
NIT ROURKELA
Email: srb@nitrkl.ac.in
 Spindles and spindle bearings

 In machine tools, a spindle is a rotating axis of the machine, which often has a

shaft at its heart.

 Machine tools are equipped with spindles to (a) locate the job, (b) hold the

tool or work, (c) rotate the tool or work, (d) feed the tool are rotating
components that are used to locate, hold, and drive the tool or the WP.
 A spindle is provided with a tapered hole at the front end for receiving the

cantering elements.
 The machine tool spindle provides the relative motion between the cutting tool

and the workpiece which is necessary to perform a material removal

operation.
Spindles and spindle bearings
 Spindles and spindle bearings

 These spindles possess a high degree of rigidity, rotational accuracy,

and wear resistance.

 Machine tool spindles are supported inside housings by means of ball,

roller, or antifriction bearings.

 The type and number of bearings to be used depends upon the forces

that come into action.

 The machining accuracy (geometrical accuracy and surface finish of

the machined components) of  a machine tool depends considerably

upon the rotational accuracy of spindles
Spindle Bearings
Spindle Bearings
 Machine tool drives

To obtain a machined part by a machine tool, coordinated

motions must be imparted to its working members.
Machine tool drives may be classified as electrical, mechanical
and hydraulic and as stepped and stepless.
In all drives, the motive power is provided by an electric motor.
This power is transmitted to the spindles, slides, tables etc. in
such a manner that the movement of the motor shaft is
transformed through the drive elements into the required cutting
speeds and feed motions.
 Machine tool drives

Machine tools essentially need wide ranges of cutting

speed and feed rate to enable
 Machining different jobs (material and size)
 Using different cutting tools (material, geometry and
size)
 Various machining operations like high speed
turning to low speed thread cutting in lathes
 Degree of surface finish
 Machine tool drives

The ideal drive should possess the following characteristics:

It should be able to provide the necessary range and
number of cutting speeds and feed rates.
Cutting speed and feed rate changes should be obtained
without interrupting the machining operation.
Power loss in the drive should be minimum.
The drive should be compact.
Full power should be available at all working speeds.
Stepped drives provide only a finite number of output
speeds. Stepless drives are ideal because they are capable
of producing speed ranges with infinitely fine steps.
 Machine tool drives

 Selection of drives depends upon:

 Purpose of the machine tool

 Production time
 Surface finish and accuracy required
 Optimum efficiency
 Power requirements
 Speed range ratio
 Mechanical characteristics of the machining operation
 Simplicity of design with respect to maintenance, repair and control.
 Concept of Generatrix and Directrix

Generatrix: The line generated by the primary motion is

called the generatrix.

Directrix: the line representing the secondary motion is

called the directrix. It provided path to generatrix.

Depending upon the shapes of the generatrix and directrix

and their relative orientation various geometries can be

produced on the workpiece.
 Concept of Generatrix and Directrix

Generation of flat surfaces by Generatrix and

Directrix:
The principle is where on a flat plain a straight line
called Generatrix (G) is traversed in a perpendicular
direction called Directrix (D) resulting a flat surface.
 Concept of Generatrix and Directrix

Generation of cylindrical surfaces: The principles of

production of various cylindrical surfaces where,
 A long straight cylindrical surface is obtained by a circle (G)
being traversed in the direction (D) parallel to the axis.
 A cylindrical surface of short length is obtained by traversing a
straight line (G) along a circular path (D).
 Form cylindrical surfaces by rotating a curved line (G) in a circular path
(D).
 Tool-work motions

The lines representing the Generatrix and Directrix are usually produced by the
locus of a point moving in two different directions and are actually obtained by the
motions of the tool-tip (point) relative to the work surface. Hence, for machining
flat or curved surfaces, the machine tools need relative tool work motions, which are
categorized in following two groups:
• Formative motions namely
 Cutting motion (CM): It is the relative motion between the tool and workpiece
responsible for cutting action
 Feed motion (FM): It is responsible for gradually feeding the uncut portion and
may proceed in steps or continuously
• Auxiliary motions such as
 Indexing motion

 Additional feed motion

 Relieving motion
Formative motions in machine tools
Connections of G and D with tool-work motions