Cell Structure and

Function

Chapter Seven

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 The Discovery of the Cell

• Robert Hooke – first to see

and identify cork “cells.”

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 The Cell Theory

• Cell Theory:
1. All living things are
composed of cells.
Schleiden 2. Cells are the basic units of Schwann
structure and function in
living things.
3. New cells are produced from
existing cells.
Virchow

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 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

• Nucleus – large membrane-

enclosed structure that
contains the cell’s genetic
information.
• Prokaryotes – cells that do not
contain nuclei. (Bacteria)
• Eukaryotes – cells that contain
nuclei. (All other organisms)

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 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

• Organelles – structures in a
cell that act like “little organs.”
• Cytoplasm – the jelly-like
fluid where the organelles
“float.”

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 Inside the Nucleus

• Nuclear Envelope – membrane

that surrounds the nucleus.
• Chromatin – consists of DNA
wrapped around proteins. “Ball of
string”
• Chromosomes – condensed
string-like structure that forms from
DNA just before the cell divides.
• Nucleolus – structure within the
nucleus that makes ribosomes.

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 Inside the Nucleus

Nucleolus
Chromatin

Nuclear Envelope

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 Ribosomes

• Ribosomes – made of RNA

and protein. Make Proteins!

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 Ribosomes

Ribosome

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 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Endoplasmic reticulum –
internal membrane system of
the cell.
– Lipids, proteins, and other
products are made here.
– Rough ER – has ribosomes
– Smooth ER – no ribosomes

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 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Rough ER

Smooth ER

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 Golgi Apparatus

• Golgi Apparatus – modifies,

sorts, and packages proteins.

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 Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Apparatus

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 Lysosomes

• Lysosomes – small
organelles filled with enzymes.
– Digest molecules to be used by
the cell.

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 Vacuoles

• Vacuoles – store materials.

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 Vacuoles

Vacuoles

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 Mitochondria

• Mitochondria – organelle that

converts chemical energy
stored in food into compounds
that are more convenient for
the cell to use.
– “Powerhouse of the Cell!”

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 Mitochondria

Mitochondria

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 Chloroplasts

• Chloroplasts – organelles
that capture energy from
sunlight and convert it into
chemical energy.
(Photosynthesis)
– Found only in plants.

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 Chloroplasts

Chloroplast

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 Cytoskeleton

• Cytoskeleton – helps cell to

maintain shape, move, and
move organelles.
• Centrioles – help organize
cell division. Not found in
plants.

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 Cytoskeleton

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 Cell Boundaries

• Cell membrane – thin, flexible

membrane that surrounds the
cell.
• Cell walls – rigid layer around
the membrane found only in
bacteria, fungi and plants.

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 Cell Membrane

• Controls what enters/leaves

cell, provides
support/protection.
• Lipid Bilayer – double-
layered sheet of
phospholipids.

Two layers!

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 Diffusion and Osmosis

• Diffusion – movement of
particles from an area of high
to low concentration.
• Osmosis – the diffusion of
water through a selectively
permeable membrane.
– Water will move into/out of a cell
to equalize concentrations.

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 Osmosis Practice

90% H2O
10% NaCl
Concentrations are
equal, so no net 90% H2O
movement of water! 10% NaCl
Cell

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 Osmosis Practice

80% H2O
20% NaCl
Concentration of
water is greater in 90% H2O
the cell than out, so 10% NaCl
Cell
water will move out!

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 Osmosis Practice

90% H2O
10% NaCl
Concentration of
water is greater 80% H2O
outside the cell than 20% NaCl
Cell
in, so water will move
In!

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 Facilitated Diffusion and Active
Transport

• Facilitated diffusion – when

the plasma membrane “helps”
particles pass through protein
channels.
– No energy used.
• Active transport – when the
plasma membrane uses
energy to move particles
against a concentration
gradient.
– Uses Transport Proteins

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 Facilitated Diffusion and Active
Transport

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 Organization in Multicellular
Organisms

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ System
Organism

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