MUD LOGGING

PROCESS
1. INTRODUCTION
W h y U s e a H y d ro c a r b o n L o g g in g S e rv ic e ?
 In c r e a s e d D r illin g S a fe ty
 Im p r o v e d D r illin g E f f ic ie n c y
 A c c u r a t e F o r m a t io n E v a lu a tio n
 C o n tin u o u s D a ta C o lle c tio n
a n d D is p a tc h

W h a t M a k e s u p th e M u d L o g g in g S e rv ic e ?
D R IL L IN G P A R A M E T E R S

D A T A P R O C E S S IN G
A N D IN T E R P R E T A T IO N
LO G S A N D R EP O R TS

G A S D E T E C T IO N
C OM PA Q
486 /3 3m

C U T T IN G S
S A M P L IN G /
A N A L Y S IS RESULTS:

Safer, more knowledgeable

drilling
Better understanding of
the reservoir
 T h e O il / G a s T a rg e t

S e is m ic
D e f in it io n o f
S tr u c tu r e

D rillin g
E x p lo ra t io n S a fe ty
D e li n e a ti o n B it
D e v e lo p m e n t B H A
R ig T y p e M u d T y p e
D r ill in g C o s t C o n tr o l
T e c h n iq u e s
W e ll
E n g in e e r in g
M u d
D e v ia tio n L o g g in g
A L S
G e o lo g y G a s
L a b o ra to ry In t e r p r e t a t io n
A n a ly s is W e ll C o n tr o l
G a s A n a ly s is S a fe ty
P re s s u r e D a ta
H y d r a u lic s
D a ta
P r o d u c tio n
A L S
W e ll T e s ti n g P V T
S u r fa c e T e s t in g S a fe ty
D o w n h o le G a u g e s
W ir e lin e
E x te n d e d T e s tin g /
E a r ly P r o d u c tio n

T h e R e s e r v o ir
T y p e - - S t r u c t u r e - - P e r m e a b i li t y
P o r o s ity - - G a s -- O il - - W a t e r
 R e s e rv o ir S tu d y

S e is m ic

W e ll P la n n in g
D e v ia te d /H o r iz o n ta l W e ll B o r e
H o le S iz e s
C a s in g /C e m e n ta tio n
W e ll C o n tr o l E q u ip m e n t

D r illin g M u d L o g g in g
R ig T y p e L ith o lo g y
B it B H A M u d S a fe ty G a s In te rp re ta tio n
P a r a m e te r In te r p r e ta tio n
S a fe ty

T h e R e s e r v o ir D e v ia t io n
G A S
S tru c tu re P e r m e a b ility P o r o s it y O IL
T ype
W A TE R

P r o d u c tio n 'E ' L o g s P r o d u c t io n T e s t s

D o w n H o le M e a s u r e m e n t
L o g is tic s E le c t r ic a l/ S o n ic /N u c le a r
S u rfa c e M e a s u re m e n t
R e s e r v o ir /F lu id s
E P F o r F ix e d W e ll T e s tin g
In s ta lla tio n M e a s u re m e n t
W ir e lin e
2. THE SCOPE OF THE MUD
LOGGING JOB
 Mud Logger Job Description

The primary objective of Mud Logging is to assist in the

efficient completion of exploration and development wells for
oil and gas.

Mud Loggers help ensure efficiency and cost control by

providing the Client Company with a detailed analytical record
of the geology, oil and gas shows, drilling and mud parameters,
and related problems, encountered during drilling and
completion.

The primary responsibility of the Mud Logger is to carry out

these tasks in a timely and accurate manner.
RESPONSIBILITIES TO THE CLIENT . GEOLOGICAL MONITORING
1. Collect or supervise the collection of cuttings samples, from the
proper lagged depths and at the proper intervals.
2. Wash and screen samples, divide them into correct portions
and pack them by sets for Client, partners and trade.
3. Examine and describe samples as per oil industry standards
and client's specifications.
4. Evaluate samples for hydrocarbon shows.
5. Establish an accurate and comprehensive Masterlog as per
client's format.
6. Provide all interested parties with regular and timely reports
based on geological and drilling data.
7. Notify well site personnel of any anticipated or observed drilling
problems related to geology.
8. Monitring drllg parameters.
9. Assist in Well Test operations and sampling when needed.
 GAS AND DRILLING PARAMETERS MONITORING

1. Closely monitor gas levels, lag time and drilling parameters,

and report any anomalies to the appropriate persons, for action.
2. Perform regular and frequent calibration checks of gas
instruments.
3. Perform normal maintenance and necessary repairs on all
equipment, particularly sensors, and report breakdowns
immediately to the appropriate persons.
4. Annotate daily instrument charts clearly and correctly, and
organize them for later use by Client.
5. Assist the client in the control of drilling operations, to the
best of the Mud Logger's ability.
 REPORTING
1. Update all logs requested by Client, on a daily basis.
2. Submit daily reports concerning geological and drilling
parameters to the Client representatives, as well as any other
requested reports or documents.
BEHAVIOUR
1. Be aware of safety regulations and procedures, as specified by
the Client, Geoservices, and relevant safety authorities; respect
safety regulations in all circumstances.
2. Ensure that qualified Geoservices personnel are always present
in the Mud Logging unit, during all well operations.
3. Keep in mind the basic concept of service; ensure that all tasks
performed for the Client meet or exceed the customer's
standards.
4. Remember that satisfaction of the Client is not only a function
of the service itself, but also of the way it is provided. Human
relations are an essential part of the job.
 Engineer Job Description
ALS Engineering is an aspect of Mud Logging. The primary objective
of Mud Logging is to assist in the efficient completion of exploration
and development wells for oil and gas.
ALS Engineers help ensure efficiency and cost control by providing the
Client Company with detailed interpretation and analysis of:
1.Geology,
2.Oil and Gas Shows
3.Drilling Parameters,
4.Pressure Parameters,
5. Hydraulics
6. Well Cost………….…during drilling of the Client's well.
In addition, the ALS Engineer constructs detailed Daily and Final
Reports based on the data gathered during drilling.
The primary responsibility of the ALS Engineer is to carry out these
tasks in a timely and accurate manner.
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ALS ENGINEER TO THE CLIENT
GENERAL
1. Permanently understand and monitor all well site operations.
2. Reliably inform and advise the Client of well conditions during all
drilling- related well site operations.
3. Ensure that all Mud Logging equipment is functioning properly,
and that the Mud Loggers perform all necessary maintenance.
4. Check and verify sensor/instrument calibrations at the intervals
specified in the relevant technical documents.
5. Manage the well database; ensure the quality and integrity of the
well data.
6. Maintain personal knowledge of current techniques for the
interpretation of well data.
7. As needed, help well site personnel to understand and use data
interpretations provided by Geoservices.
8. Use personal knowledge and well site experience to improve the
quality of the Mud Logging service.
   GEOLOGICAL MONITORING
1. Supervise and if necessary help the Mudloggers in the
performance of geological monitoring tasks.
2. Design and produce computer-generated Masterlog, as per Client
requests and specifications.
3. Understand and use 'quick-look' analysis of electric (wireline)
and MWD logs, as per Client request.

GAS DETECTION AND DRILLING PARAMETERS MONITORING

1. Supervise and if necessary help the Mudloggers in gas detection
and drilling parameter monitoring.
2. Design and produce computer-generated Gaslog, as per Client
requests and specifications.
3. Use Geoservices' and Client-provided gas interpretation
methods to evaluate quality of reservoirs and source rocks.
 PRESSURE PARAMETERS/WELL CONTROL
1. Confirm or adjust formation fluid pressure estimates (made by
Client during the well planning phase) by correlation with values
obtained during drilling.
2. Confirm or adjust estimates of formation fracture resistance
(made by Client during the well planning phase), using values
obtained during drilling.
3. Help well site personnel determine the mud densities required for
primary well control.
4. Maintain primary well control by anticipating pressure
imbalances, where possible
5. When necessary, assist well site personnel in determining the
best procedure, and the fluid density required, for secondary well
control (kick control).
 OTHER OPERATIONS
1. Apply Geoservices resources and personal knowledge to ensure
efficient execution of well site operations, including casing and
cementing operations, directional drilling, well evaluation/testing,
fishing and remedial operations.
REPORTING
1. Update all logs, prints and plots requested by Client, daily and as
needed.
2. Submit daily reports (Geology, Pressures, Hydraulics, Deviation) to
the Client Representatives, at the precise time specified by the
Client.
3. Provide any other reports or documents based on well data, as
requested by Client.
4. Design and produce composite logs based on Mudlogging,
wireline and/or MWD data, when contracted for by Client.
5. Prepare a fully documented, accurate and reliable Final Report, as
per Client's specifications and formats, for submission to Client
within 7 days after the completion of drilling
 SERVICE QUALITY

1. Keep in mind that Geoservices is a service company in

competition with others; ensure that all tasks performed meet or
exceed customer's standard.
2. Remember that Client satisfaction is not only a function of the
service itself, but also of the way the service is provided. Human
relations are an essential part of the job.
3. Be aware of safety regulations and procedures, as specified by
the Client, Geoservices, and relevant safety authorities; respect
safety regulations in all circumstances and ensure that all
members of the Mud Logging team do the same.
4. Organize the Mud Logging team to obtain the optimum service
quality.
 SERVICE QUALITY

5. Know exactly the terms of the service contract with the Client;
be prepared to resolve any problems involving contracted
equipment and services.
6. Be prepared to supply the Client with technical information
concerning equipment and processes used in Geoservices Mud
Logging, as well as any other relevant information requested by
Client
7. The well data is Client property. Do not release well data to
anyone without written approval from the Client. At the end of the
well, submit all well data, original and copies, to the Geoservices
Base Manager or Client, as per Client's instructions.
 In c re a s e d D rillin g S a fe ty
M u d Lo g g er A L S E n g in e e r
D e te c t a n y u n u s u a l b e h a v io r o f I n t e r p r e t e v e n t a n d c o n d it io n s
m u d lo g g i n g p a r a m e t e r s u n d e r w h ic h it o c c u r r e d

D e te rm in e th e n a tu r e a n d P r o d u c e o u t p u t ( p r in t s a n d p lo t s )
im p o r ta n c e o f th e e v e n t: p r o p o s i n g p o s s ib le s o lu t io n s :
- - k ic k -- w a s h o u t
-- a b n o rm a l p re s s u re s - - b it f a ilu r e - - fo r m a tio n p r e s s u r e
- - lo s t c ir c u la t io n -- H 2 S e v a lu a t io n
- - k ic k c o n t r o l
G iv e f ir s t w a r n in g t o d r i ll in g -- s u rg e /s w a b e v a lu a tio n
c r e w a n d s u p e r v is o r

N o te a ll d r illin g e v e n ts o n
r e c o rd e r c h a rts

F o llo w t h e e v o lu t io n o f t h e e v e n t
P r o d u c e a r e p o r t w it h a ll r e le v a n t d e ta ils

D rillin g P e rfo rm a n c e
M ud L o g g er A L S E n g in e e r
M o n it o r th e d r illin g p a r a m e t e r s : P r o p o s e h y d r a u lic s o p t im i s a t io n :
-- r a te o f p e n e tr a tio n -- je t ( n o z z le ) s iz e s
-- w e ig h t o n b it /h o o k lo a d -- h y d r a u lic h o r s e p o w e r
-- R P M 's -- f lo w r a te
-- f lo w r a te -- p r e s s u r e lo s s e s
-- p re s s u re s -- f lo w r e g im e
-- to rq u e
F o llo w th e e v o lu t io n o f b it p e r fo r m a n c e
F o llo w n o n - d r illin g o p e r a tio n s ( t r ip , r e a m in g , c a s in g / c e m e n t in g )
P r o d u c e v a r io u s o u tp u t s :
-- h y d r a u lic s r e p o r ts -- c e m e n t
-- b it r e c o r d d is p la c e m e n t
-- d r illin g c o s t -- w e ll b o r e
-- c a s in g li s t d e v ia tio n
-- c a s in g f ill p lo t
 F o rm a tio n E v a lu a tio n
M u d L ogger A L S E n g in e e r
E x a m in e a n d d e s c r ib e c u ttin g s
a n d c o re s

M a k e d e t a ile d lit h o lo g ic in t e r p r e t a t io n
S u r v e y a n d e v a lu a t e h y d r o c a r b o n s h o w s
P e r f o r m flu id a n a ly s is P r o d u c e p lo tt e d o u tp u ts :
- - C h r o m a to lo g
P r e p a r e th in s e c tio n s - - R a t io s a n a ly s is

C o m p ile a n d d r a w M a s t e r lo g d a t a P e r f o r m 'q u i c k lo o k ' a n a ly s i s o f

e le c t r ic lo g s :
E x a m in e a n d a n a ly s e w e ll te s t - - S in g le L i t h o lo g y
s a m p le s - - C o m p le x lith o lo g y
- - C r o s s P lo ts

C o n tin u o u s D a ta C o lle c tio n

M ud Lo g g er A L S E n g in e e r
C o lle c t , s o r t, c a ta lo g u e a n d s t o r e
c u t tin g s , c o r e s a n d s a m p le s fr o m
w e ll te s tin g

A n n o ta te r e c o r d e r c h a r ts
K e e p d a ta b a s e u p to d a te

P r o d u c e o u tp u t fr o m a ll r e c o r d e d d a ta

P r e p a r e fin a l w e ll r e p o r t
3. ALS-2 System
T y p ic a l S e n s o r In s t a lla tio n (la n d r ig )
P o w er
S u p p ly S lu g P it
M ix in g P it

A c tiv e S y s te m
P L
P L

T E
P S
P L S u c t io n P it
P u m p s
T
P S S ta n d -
D ra w w o rk s R
p ip e

R e tu r n P it
P R P L
R o ta r y D
T a b le R
G S h ak ers
F L
P S
T
D e a d lin e W P L
A n ch o r
P R
'D o g h o u s e ' T r ip
T a n k
C h o ke
M a n ifo ld
M u d L o g g in g
U n it

S e n s o rs :
D = D r a w w o r k s (h o o k p o s itio n )
F L = M u d flo w (p a d d le )
G = D e g as se r
L = P it le v e ls
P R = P res s u re P R
P S
P S = P r o x im ity S e n s o r (p u m p s / R P M )
R = R e s is t iv ity
T = T e m p e r a tu re C e m e n t U n it
T E = Electric T o r q u e
W = W e ig h t o n H o o k
 M u d L o g g in g
U n it
Vent
G a s L in e Pum p
D egasser In - lin e D r y in g T o ta l G a s
H 2S Sensor Agent D e te c to r
S p a re
G a s L in e Vent
Pum p C h ro m a to -
R e tu r n M u d F lo w
F r o m W e ll g ra p h
C o m p re s s e d
A ir S u p p ly

C a lib r a tio n
S y s te m

R e c o rd in g
E q u ip m e n t

( A u x ilia r y G a s D e te c tio n E q u ip m e n t N o t S h o w n )
The Five Most Important Monitoring Tasks
In case of:

1. Rate of Penetration increase (drilling

break)
2. Mud pit volume gain or loss
3. Mud flow rate change
4. Mud density variation
5. Indication of gas or oil. . .

. . .inform the Driller, Client Representative

and/or Well Site Geologist immediately.
5. SAMPLE PROCESSING
5.1 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
S a m p le C a tc h in g A r r a n g e m e n t
M u d B o x
(p o s s u m
b e lly )
F lo w C o n tr o l
G a te s

C o a rs e
S o lid s
F in e S c re e n
S o lid s
D is c h a r g e M u d a n d fin e
s o lid s
C o a rs e B o a r d o r P la te
S o lid s (e m e rg e n c y u s e )
D is c h a r g e

5 g a llo n P a il
( b e s t r e s u lts )

C o n t r o llin g E x c e s s iv e C u t tin g s F lo w

F a b r ic a t e lid w it h P a r t ly c o v e r P a il w it h
f ix e d o r a d ju s t a b le o r
m e ta l p la te
r e c e p ta c le (e m e rg e n c y u s e )
( b e s t r e s u lt s )
5.2 LAGGING SAMPLES.
5.3 CUTTING SAMPLES PROCEDURE.
 S ie v e 2 ( o r 5 ) m m

R a w S a m p le C a v in g s ?
S ie v e 0 .2 5 m m

W a s h in g
Sample Washing and
S ie v e 0 .0 6 3 m m Splitting Chart
Drying
W a s h in g

F lu o r o s c o p e R e fe re n c e
S a m p le S e t
M ic r o s c o p e

C a lc im e t r y
S h a le D e n s it y
S h a le F a c t o r

G e o c h e m ic a l W ashed
a n d D r ie d
U nw a sh ed w et
Sample Processing
Washing Samples from
Oil-based Mud System
 C li e n t G E O OIL
W e ll N a m e L B M # 1 T a g s fo r in d iv id u a l
L o c a t io n B L O C K 1 s a m p le s
S E IN E S A I N T - D E N IS

Sample Labeling
D e p th fr o m 2 0 10 to 2 0 15

and Packing

U n w a sh e d G e o c h e m ic a l W as h ed
a n d D r ie d

In v e r te d
A ir d r y in g

W o o d o r W o o d o r C a rd b o a rd
p l a s t ic - li n e d p l a s t ic - li n e d
c a rd b o a rd c a rd b o a rd

F ro m : G E O S E R V IC E S
S T A R R IG 4 2 To: G E O OIL
9 3 7 0 0 D R A N C Y 7 , R U E IS A A C N E W T O N
F R A N C E
9 3 15 1 L E B L A N C M E S N IL A d d r e s s la b e l o n s id e a n d lid
F R A N C E ( p lu s c o p y in s id e b o x )
W e ll N a m e L B M # 1 D e p th s fro m 2 0 0 0 to 2 2 0 0
S a m p le S e t A Box N o 8
5.4 SAMPLE EXAMINATION AND
DESCRIPTION
 5.4.1. Examination Procedure
Examination of the sample follows the general outline below:
1. Observe unwashed sample under UV light for fluorescence
2. Wash and sieve sample
3. Place a thin layer of damp sample in watch glass or sample tray
4. Observe washed sample for direct fluorescence
5. Perform 'cut' fluorescence test, using solvent
6. Perform microscopic examination of sample to identify rock types,
percentages and visual characteristics
7. (simultaneous with item 6) Perform calcimetry on random selection from
sample
8. On lithology work sheet, write sample description for each new
lithology, using standard terms and order
9. If necessary, perform selective calcimetry, shale density testing and any
other testing required by Client
10. Edit the lithology data as necessary, then transfer the lithology to the
Masterlog.
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION ORDER
M ic r o s tr u c tu r e s in C a r b o n a te s
P e lle ts
C ir c u la r o r e llip tic a l g r a in s c o m p o s e d p a r tly
o r m a in ly o f lim e m u d , w ith o u t a n y in te r n a l
s tr u c tu r e ; u s u a lly a b o u t 0 .1 m m in d ia m e te r
(fa e c a l p ro d u c ts )

P e lo id s o r P e lle t o id s

A n y r o u n d e d g r a in w ith n o r e c o g n is a b le in te r n a l
s tr u c tu r e , a n d o f u n k n o w n o rig in .

O o id s o r O o lith s
S p h e r ic a l o r e llip tic a l g r a in s le s s th a n 2 m m in
d ia m e te r , w ith r e g u la r c o n c e n tr ic la m in a e
a r o u n d a n u c le u s ; s o m e tim e s w ith a r a d ia l
s tru c tu r e ; la r g e r fo r m s a r e c a lle d P is o id s o r
P is o lith s
In tr a c la s t s
Ir r e g u la r ly - s h a p e d g r a in s o f c a r b o n a te in c lu d e d
in a la r g e r s tr u c tu r e a n d c o n s id e r e d a s a s in g le
p a r tic le ; g r a in s o r ig in a te fr o m th e s a m e b a s in a s
t h e in c lu d in g c a r b o n a te a n d th u s a r e c o m p le te ( n o t
tru n c a te d )

E x tr a c la s ts o r L ith o c la s ts
S a m e a s in tr a c la s ts , b u t in c lu d e d g r a in s a r e
d e r iv e d fr o m a n o th e r lo c a tio n a n d a r e
tr u n c a te d d u e to tra n s p o r t a n d r e d e p o s it o f
e r o d e d , lith ifie d fr a g m e n ts

B io c la s ts Structures of Elements in
A n y g r a in o f b io lo g ic a l o r ig in , v e g e ta b le o r a n im a l Carbonates
Classification of
Carbonate
Rocks according
to Depositional
Texture
 7 0 /3 0 6 0 /4 0 5 0 /5 0

4 0 /6 0 3 0 /7 0 2 0 /8 0

1 5 /8 5 1 0 /9 0 5 /9 5

P e r c e n t a g e Q u a l if ie r s f o r A c c e s s o r y M i n e r a l s :
Abundant 15-20%
Moderately Abundant 10-15%
Minor 5-10%
Rare 1- 5%
Trace <1%
Moh´s hardness scale
1. OLOR: OIL SHOW
2. MANCHA DE ACEITE. (A la luz natural).
Porcentaje de manchamiento en la bandeja.
Muy pobre : uno a diez granos.
Pobre : 1 a 10% de la muestra.
Regular : 10 a 20% de la muestra.
Bueno : 20 a 40% de la muestra.
Muy bueno: sobre 40%de la muestra.
Porcentaje de manchamiento sobre un fragmento de roca.
Uniforme. (even) Moteado. (mottled).
En parches (patchy). Puntual.(spotty).
Manchado punteado. (speckled)
Puntos ocasionales (pin point). Nada. (nil)
Color: De café muy claro a oscuro, negro o nada si no hay mancha
de aceite visible.
3. FLUORESCENCIA: (A la luz ultravioleta).
 Color:
Azul - blanco > 45 ° api.
Azul claro a amarillo-blanco 45 -35 ° api.
Amarillo claro a amarillo palido 35 - 30 ° api.
Amarillo palido a amarillo oro 30 - 18 ° api.
Amarillo oro-opaco a amarillo oro 18 -14 ° api.
Naranja < 14 ° api.
 Porcentaje de fluorescencia en la bandeja.
Muy pobre: uno a diez granos.
Pobre : 1 a 10% de la muestra.
Regular : 10 a 20% de la muestra.
Buena : 20 a 40%de la muestra.
Muy buena: sobre 40% de la muestra.
Modificadores para la intensidad del color: Fuerte, Débil, Vaga:
4. CORTE: (A la luz ultravioleta).
Velocidad: Intensidad:
Instantánea. Fuerte
Rápida. . Débil
Lenta. Vaga
Hay que triturar la muestra. (Crush)
 
Forma: Floreciente(Blooming)., Correntoso (Streaming).
Color: Diferentes matices de amarillo a café claro, azul -
blanco.
 
5. RESIDUO A LA ULV:

Color: Diferentes matices de amarillo, oro, café - amarillo.

 
6. RESIDUO A LA LUZ NATURAL:

Color: Diferentes matices de café oscuro a muy claro - nada.

5.5 PHYSICAL / CHEMICAL
TESTING PROCEDURE
QUATITATIVE CHEMICAL
SAMPLE TEST
 5.5.1 APLICATION OF
DILUTE ACIDS (qualitative).
5.5.2 HARDNESSS.
5.5.3 SLOUGHING SWELLING OF SHALES.
5.5.4 COAL VS LIGNITE
TESTING.
5.5.5 SULFATE IDENTIFICATION
5.5.6 CHLORIDES TEST
 Prueba cuantitativa de cloruros para filtrados en lodo de perforación
La prueba de cloruro determina la concentración de iones de cloruro
(principalmente de NaCl) contenidos en el lodo. La prueba es muy importante
cuando se perfora en áreas donde la sal pueda contaminar el lodo. La prueba
debe ser realizada para identificar formaciones de agua vs filtrados antes de
los registros eléctricos.
La prueba usa una muestra de filtrados derivados de las pruebas de filtrados
API. Cambios en el contenido de cloruros pueden ayudar a identificar en la
perforación formaciones que contengan sal, o fluidos de invasión de las
formaciones del pozo. Si los contenidos de cloruros exceden en un lodo de
agua fresca 10000 partes por millón (ppm), puede ser necesario cambiar la
composición del lodo. Materiales :
1. Solución de Nitrato de Plata, 1 ml equivalente a 0.01 o 0.001 g CL (guardado
en una botella opaca).
2. Solución de Cromato de Potasio, 5 g/100 cm3 de agua desionizada.
3. Carbonato de Calcio, precipitado de grado químicamente puro (opcional)
4. Agua destilada. 5. Pipeta, 1ml. 6. Pipeta de 5 ml.
7. Pipeta de 10 ml. 8. Plato en polietileno o porcelana para titulación.
9. Paleta en polietileno o vidrio para agitar.
5.5.7 CARBONATE ROCK STAINING
 5.5.8 CALCIMETRY
(CaCO3) Calcite
((CaCO3)2Ca,Mg). Dolomite
 P iv o t A r m Vent R e a c tio n
C h a r t S ta r t-
R e le a s e K n o b C ham ber
S to p L e v e r
Pen
(upper part)

C a lib r a tio n
P is t o n

M anual R e a c tio n
C h a rt C h a m b e r S c re w
W in d e r

R e a c tio n
C ham ber
(lower part)
A c id A m p o u le
H o ld e r

W in d e r fo r
C lo c k w o r k
M e c h a n is m Manocalcimetro
 0 50 100 0 50 100

100%
C aC O 3
C h a r t V a lu e
X 0 .9 2
A. Pure Limestone

0 50 100

72%
C aC O 3

B. Calcareous Rocks A. Pure Dolomite

0 50 100

0 50 100

39% 7 0 x .9 2 = 6 4 .4 %
C aCO 3

C. Limey Rocks

B. Dolomite
0 50 100
0 50 100

44% 3 0 x .9 2 = 2 7 .6 %
C aC O 3

D. Influence of Hydrocarbons C. Dolomitic Rock

 0 50 100

L im e s to n e
25%

D o lo m ite
5 8 x .9 2 = 5 3 .4 %

R e s id u e
100 - 25 - 53 = 22%

B r e a k P o in t

A. Calcareous Dolomite

0 50 100

L im e s to n e
72%

D o lo m ite
2 5 x .9 2 = 2 3 %

R e s id u e
100 - 72 - 23 = 5%

B r e a k P o in t

B. Dolomitic Limestone
5.5.9 SHALE DENSITY
5.5.11.MICROSOL
 A ir tig h t
S to p p e r
G ra d u a te d
C y lin d e r
C y lin d e r V o lu m e ( m l)
S h a le 300
C u ttin g

D e n s ity 200
Beads

S c re e n 100

3 .0 2 .8 2 .6 2 .4 2 .2 2 .0
5.5.13. SHALE DENSITY
D e n s ity ( g /c c )
COLUMN
5.5.14 SHALE FACTOR.
 GENERAL SHALE CLASSIFICATION
Texture Meth. Blue Water (%) Composition Clay (%) Density
Capacity (g/cc)
(meq/100g)

Soft 20-40 25-70 Montmorillonite and Illite 20-30 1.2-1.5

Firm 10-20 15-25 Illite and Mixed-Layer 20-30 1.5-2.2

Hard 3-10 5-15 High in Illite, trace 20-30 2.2-2.5

Montmorillonite

Brittle 0-3 2.5 Illite, Kaolinite, Chlorite 5-30 2.5-2.7

Firm-Hard 10-20 2-10 Illite and Mixed-Layer 20-30 2.3-2.7

Montmorillonite-Illite