Let’s Review

ADDITIVE PRIMARY COLORS

The three colors-red, blue, and green-that, when

added in certain proportions, produce any other
color in the visible-light part of the
electromagnetic spectrum and can be mixed
equally to produce white light.
Let’s Review

COMPLEMENTARY COLORS
Any two colors that, when added, produce white
light:
Magenta + Green = White
Yellow + Blue = White
Cyan + Red = White
Let’s Review

SUBTRACTIVE PRIMARY COLORS

The three colors of absorbing pigments-magenta,

yellow, and cyan-that, when mixed in certain
proportions, reflect any other color in the visible-
light part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Describe the use of mirror in each picture.
• Most of the things we see around us
do not emit their own light.
They reemit light reaching their surface
from a primary source, such as the Sun
or a lamp, or from a secondary source,
such as the illuminated sky.
• When light falls on the surface of a
material, it is either reemitted
without change in frequency or is
absorbed into the material and
turned into heat.
• We say light is reflected
when it is returned into
the medium from which
it came-the process is
reflection.
• When light crosses from
one transparent material
into another, we say it is
refracted-the process is
refraction.
When the page is illuminated with
sunlight or lamplight, electrons in the
atoms of the paper and ink vibrate more
energetically in response to the oscillating
electric fields of the illuminating light.
The energized electrons reemit the light
by which you see the page. When the
page is illuminated by white light, the
paper appears white, which reveals that
the electrons re emit all the visible
frequencies. Very little absorption occurs.
The ink is a different story. Except for a bit
of reflection, it absorbs all the visible
frequencies and therefore appears black.
 FERMAT'S PRINCIPLE OF LEAST TIME
Out of all possible paths that light might travel to get from one point to
another, it travels the path that requires the shortest time.

Pierre de Fermat a French mathematician who is given credit for

early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus, including his
technique of adequality. In particular, he is recognized for his
discovery of an original method of finding the greatest and the
smallest ordinates of curved lines, which is analogous to that of
differential calculus, then unknown, and his research into number
theory. He made notable contributions to analytic geometry,
probability, and optics. He is best known for his Fermat's principle
for light propagation and his Fermat's Last Theorem in number
theory, which he described in a note at the margin of a copy of
Diophantus' Arithmetica. He was also a lawyer at the Parlement of
Toulouse, France.
 How can we get from A to B
such that the light must strike
the mirror in going from A to
B in the shortest time?

The shortest distance
between A and this artificial
point B' is simple enough to
determine: It's a straight
line.
Now this straight line intersects the
mirror at a point C, the precise point of
reflection for the shortest path and
hence the path of least time for the
passage of light from A to B. Inspection
will show that the distance from C to B
equals the distance from C to B'. We see
that the length of the path from A to B'
through C is equal to the length of the
path from A to B bouncing off point C
along the way
 LAW OF REFLECTION
The angle of
incidence equals
the angle of
reflection.

Further inspection and a little geometrical reasoning will show that

the angle of incident light from A to C is equal to the angle of
reflection from C to B. This is the law of reflection, and it holds for all
angles
 EXERCISE
The previous slides show how light encounters point C in reflecting from A
to B. By similar construction, show that light that originates at B and reflects
to A also encounters the same point C

We see that light will follow the same path if it goes in the opposite
direction. Whenever you see somebody else's eyes in a mirror, be
assured that they can also see yours.
 IMAGE IN PLANE MIRRORS
An observer sees an image of the flame at this
point. The light rays do not actually come from
this point, so the image is called a virtual image.
The image is upright, as far behind the mirror as
the object is in front of the mirror, and image
and object have the same size.
 Lateral
inversion is
the left right
reversal
between an
object and its
Mirror image.

Which letters of the alphabet is unaffected by lateral

inversion?
A,H,I,M,O,T,U,V,W,X,Y,
 vs
Parallel Reflection Diffuse Reflection
.
Law of
Reflection is
both observed!

• When light is incident on a smooth surface • When light is incident on a rough surface

Only part of the light that strikes a surface is reflected. On a surface of clear glass, for example,
and for normal incidence (light perpendicular to the surface), only about 4% is reflected from
each surface. On a clean and polished aluminum or silver surface, however, about 90% of
incident light is reflected
A surface, therefore, may be polished for radiation of a long wavelength but
not polished for light of a short wavelength.
The wire-mesh "dish" shown in the right is very rough for light waves and
so is hardly mirrorlike; but, for long-wavelength radio waves, it is "polished“
and therefore an excellent reflector
 An undesirable circumstance
related to diffuse reflection
is the ghost image that
occurs on a TV set when the
TV signal bounces off
buildings and other
obstructions.

GHOST IMAGE IN TVs

 Is it possible to produce more than one
image using plane mirrors? How?

What is the factor affecting the number of

images produced? How does it affect the
number of images produced?
 Find the number of images
produced if two plane mirrors
were placed side by side at an
angle of 120 0, 90 0, 72 0 , 60 0
and 45 0?
 CHECK YOURSELF
1. What evidence can you cite to support the claim that the frequency of light
does not change upon reflection?
The color of an image is identical to the color of the object forming the image.
When you look at yourself in a mirror, the color of your eyes doesn't change.
The fact that the color is the same is evidence that the frequency of light
doesn't change upon reflection.
2. If you wish to take a picture of your image while standing 5 m in front of a
plane mirror, for what distance should you set your camera to provide the
sharpest focus?
Set your camera for 10 m; the situation is equivalent to standing 5 m in front
of an open window and viewing your twin standing 5 m beyond the window.
 CHECK YOURSELF
1. A woman is standing in
front of plane mirror. What
is the minimum mirror
height necessary for her to
see her full image?
To view one’s full length in a
mirror, only half –length
mirror is needed.
 CURVED MIRRORS
When the mirror is curved, the sizes and distances of
object and image are no longer equal. Note that, in a
curved mirror, unlike in a plane mirror, the normal
(shown by the dashed black lines to the left of the
mirror) at different points on the surface are not
parallel to one another.
The Anatomy of a Curved Mirror
• Principal axis- line passing through the center of the sphere
and attaching to the mirror in the exact center of the mirror.
• The point in the center of the sphere from which the mirror
was sliced is known as the center of curvature and is denoted
by the letter C
• The point on the mirror's surface where the principal axis
meets the mirror is known as the vertex and is denoted by the
letter A
• Midway between the vertex and the center of curvature is a
point known as the focal point; the focal point is denoted by
the letter F
• The distance from the vertex to the center of curvature is
known as the radius of curvature (represented by R)
• the distance from the mirror to the focal point is known as
the focal length (represented by f) f=1/2R
Check your understanding
1. The surface of a concave mirror is pointed towards the sun. Light
from the sun hits the mirror and converges to a point. How far is
this converging point from the mirror's surface if the radius of
curvature (R) of the mirror is 150 cm?

Answer: 75 cm
• If the radius of curvature is 150 cm. then the focal length is 75 cm.
The light will converge at the focal point, which is a distance of 75 cm
from the mirror surface.
On Wednesday….
• The formation of images by Spherical Mirrors
• The mirror equation and the Magnification Equation.
The average speed of
light is lower in glass
and other transparent
materials than
through empty space

When light bends in

passing obliquely from
one medium to
another, we call the
process refraction.
 Which path are you
going to take, to reach
the person in distress as
soon as possible?

The path of shortest time is shown by the dashed line path,

which clearly is not the path of the shortest distance.