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26-9-2018

Unit 2
Modern living
Modals of obligation
Objectives

 To provide a restricted practice on modals to express

obligation.
Modals of obligation

We can use 
have to + infinitive
 must + infinitive 
should + infinitive 
to express obligation (something you have to do).
have to / don't have to

Present
 have to / don't have to

Positive
 strong obligation (possibly from outside)
Children have to go to school.
 (sometimes 'have got to')
have to / don't have to

Negative
 no obligation

I don't have to work on Fridays.

You don't have to eat anything you don't like.
must / mustn‘t

Present
 must / mustn‘t

Positive
strong obligation (possibly based on the speaker's opinion)
I must study today.
must / mustn‘t

Negative
 negative obligation

You mustn't smoke here.

should / shouldn't

Present
should / shouldn't

Positive
 mild obligation or advice
You should save some money.
should / shouldn't

Negative
 mild negative obligation or advice
You shouldn't smoke so much.
Be careful

Be careful about the difference

between mustn't and don't have to!

Mustn't means it's not allowed, or it's a bad idea:

 You mustn't eat so much chocolate, you'll be sick.
Be careful

Don't have to means you don't need to do something,

but it's fine if you want to do it:

 I don't have to get up early at the weekend (of

course, if I want to get up early, that's fine, but I can
stay in bed if I want).
have to / don't have to

Past
 had to / didn't have to

Positive
obligation in the past
 I had to wear a school uniform when I was a child.
have to / don't have to

Negative
 no obligation in the past

We didn't have to go to school on Saturdays.

must / mustn‘t

Past
 changes to 'had to'

I had to study yesterday.

should / shouldn't
Past
should have + pp / shouldn't have + pp

Positive
 a past action which didn't happen: the advice / regret is too late.

You should have gone to bed earlier, now you have missed the
train.
should / shouldn't

Negative
 a past action which didn't happen: the advice / regret
is too late.

You shouldn't have taken that job., it was a bad idea.

Exercise – 1
Put in 'mustn't' or 'don't / doesn't have to'

 We have a lot of work tomorrow. You.............. be late.

  You ...............tell anyone what I just told you. It's a
secret.  
 The museum is free. You ...............pay to get in.
 Children ...............tell lies. It's very naughty.
 John's a millionaire. He ...................go to work.
  I ................do my washing because my mother does it
for me.
Exercise - answer

 We have a lot of work tomorrow. You mustn’t be late.

  You mustn’t tell anyone what I just told you. It's a
secret.  
 The museum is free. You don’t have to pay to get in.
 Children mustn’t tell lies. It's very naughty.
 John's a millionaire. He doesn’t have to go to work.
  I don’t have to do my washing because my mother
does it for me.
Exercise – 2
Put in 'mustn't' or 'don't / doesn't have to'

 We ..........................rush. We've got plenty of time.

 You ....................smoke inside the school.
 You can borrow my new dress, but you ...............get it
dirty.
 We ..................miss the train, because it's the last one
tonight.
 She ...............do this work today, because she can do
it tomorrow.
Exercise - answer

 We don’t have to rush. We've got plenty of time.

 You mustn’t smoke inside the school.
 You can borrow my new dress, but you mustn’t get it
dirty.
 We mustn’t miss the train, because it's the last one
tonight.
 She doesn’t have to do this work today, because she
can do it tomorrow.
Exercise – 3
Put in 'mustn't' or 'don't / doesn't have to'

 I ..................clean the floor today because I cleaned it

yesterday.
 We ..................forget to lock all the doors before we
leave.
 We ..................stay in a hotel in London; we can stay
with my brother.
 I ..................spend too much money today, as I've only
got a little left.
Exercise – answer

 I don’t have to clean the floor today because I

cleaned it yesterday.
 We mustn’t forget to lock all the doors before we
leave.
 We don’t have to stay in a hotel in London; we can
stay with my brother.
 I mustn’t spend too much money today, as I've only
got a little left.
Exercise – 4
Put in 'mustn't' or 'don't / doesn't have to'

 They ...............get up early today, because it's Sunday.

 I ....................eat too much cake or I'll get fat!.
 We ................be late for the exam.
 You ..................tidy up now. I'll do it later.
 He ....................cook tonight because he's going to a
restaurant.
Exercise - answer

 They don’t have to get up early today, because it's

Saturday.
 I mustn’t eat too much cake or I'll get fat!.
 We mustn’t be late for the exam.
 You don’t have to tidy up now. I'll do it later.
 He doesn’t have to cook tonight because he's going
to a restaurant.
 Thank you
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