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English Grammar
Guide
✓ 5 Error Types
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7. Participle – a word formed from a verb that can be used as an adjective, with a
conjugated helping verb as part of a verb phrase, or at the beginning of a modifying
phrase.
Examples: the risen sun; has woken;
Spoken all over the world, English is an important language.
9. Past simple – a tense used for an action that began and ended in the past.
Examples: gave; blended; was
12. Preposition – a word that is used before a noun or a pronoun to define a time,
spatial, or other relationship.
Examples: to the bank; at the store; in a minute; across the street
13. Present progressive – a tense for an action that is happening right now.
Examples: is playing; are chewing
14. Pronoun – a word that replaces a noun (person, place, thing, or idea).
Examples: he; she; them; our; ours; their
18. Tense – a verb type that identifies a specific time (present simple, present
progressive, past simple, past perfect, future simple, etc.).
19. Verb – expresses the state of or the action carried out by the subject in the
sentence.
Examples: Pink is my favorite color. Barbara likes chocolate cake.
20. Active voice – a sentence in which the subject performs the action. See also
passive voice.
Examples: Active: Brenda bought a bike.
Passive: A bike was bought (by Brenda).
21. Clause – a construction containing a subject and a verb and forming part of a
sentence or whole sentence. A sentence may consist of a single clause or of several
clauses.
Examples: A single clause sentence: Brenda bought a bike.
A sentence consisting of two clauses:
(1) Brenda bought a bike
(2) because her car broke down.
23. Conjunction – one word or more used to connect two words, phrases, or
clauses that are grammatically equal. In the last case, it is used with a comma before it.
Examples: My foot and hand hurt.
My foot hurts, and my head aches.
25. Gerund – an unconjugated verb form. Created by adding “-ing” to the base
form of the verb. A gerund can be used as a noun replacement or as a verb.
Examples: Noun replacement: Walking is a very good form of exercise. My favorite
exercise is walking.
Verb: She is walking to the park right now.
26. Independent clause – a clause that can stand on its own as a simple sentence
and contains both a subject and a conjugated verb; it makes sense by itself and
therefore expresses a complete idea.
Example: The boy walked to the store.
27. Infinitive – an unconjugated verb. Created by adding “to” to the base form of
the verb. An infinitive can be used as a noun replacement or as a verb.
Examples: Noun replacement: To know her is to love her.
Verb: He told me to give this to you.
28. Modifying phrase – a phrase that describes a noun or a pronoun. The modifying
phrase must be adjacent to (before or after) the noun or pronoun it is modifying and
can only begin with a gerund or a past participle.
Examples: Leaving us alone, Mom closed the door.
Written in 1948, the novel 1984 is considered a classic.
29. Passive voice – a sentence in which the object, rather than the subject,
performs the action. The focus in passive sentences is on the action rather than the
subject. It is constructed by using a form of “to be” and a past participle verb. See also
active voice.
Examples: Active: Brenda bought a bike.
Passive: A bike was bought (by Brenda).
30. Past participle – an unconjugated verb that is used in perfect tenses in the
active voice and in all tenses in the passive voice.
Examples: Active: Mike has thrown the ball over the fence.
Passive: The ball was thrown over the fence.
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31. Pronoun-noun agreement – when using a noun and a pronoun in the same
sentence, ensuring that the two agree both in number and in gender.
Examples: Incorrect: Each boy rode their bike to school.
Correct: Each boy rode his bike to school.
32. Relative clause – a clause that modifies the noun that comes immediately
before it. A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun.
Example: I have a friend whose husband is a teacher.
33. Relative pronoun – special pronouns used to connect a relative clause to the
noun it modifies. The main relative pronouns are who, which, that, whose, and whom.
Example: I have a friend whose husband is a teacher
36. Unconjugated verb – a verb that is not used in a tense or time (i.e., gerund,
infinitive, and past participle). It can never be the first or only verb in a sentence or a
clause. See also conjugated verb.
Examples: Gerund: I like running in the park.
Infinitive: I like to run in the park.
Past participle: I have run in the park for many years.
2. Modification error – occurs when the modifying clause is not adjacent to the
noun it is modifying.
Error: Leaving us alone, the door was closed by Mom.
Correction: Leaving us alone, Mom closed the door.
4. Pronoun-noun agreement error – using a noun and a pronoun that do not agree
in number or gender.
Error: Each boy rode their bike to school.
Correction: Each boy rode his bike to school.