Phase 

1 VIVA Question and its Answer  
1. Which are the various process of word formation 
Ans:
 Compounding or composition
 Derivation
 -Conversion or functional shift
 -Reduction, subtraction, or shorting - Clipping , Making abbreviations and
Acronyms
 -Reduplication
 -Making proper names from common ones.
 -Blending
 -Imitation
 -Coinage and root creation. 
2. What is compounding? 
Ans: Compound words are formed by joining two or more simple words. 
3. What are the type of derivations? 
Ans:  
 Primary derivatives: are formed by making some change in the body of
the simple words.
 Secondary derivatives: formed by an addition to the beginning or the end. 
4. What is reduplication? 
Ans: This is a process of repeating a syllable or the word as a whole (sometimes with a
vowel
change) and putting it together to form a new word. ). 
5. Give 2 examples of abbreviation. 
Ans: DOB: Date Of Birth. FYI: For Your Information. HR: Human Resources. 
6. Give 2 examples of acronym. 
   Ans:  ASAP - As Soon As Possible, AWOL - Absent Without Official Leave, IMAX -
Image Maximum, LASER - Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation,
PIN - Personal Identification Number, RADAR - Radio Detection and Ranging.
7. What is clipping? what are the types of clipping.  
   Ans: Clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word
to one of its
parts to be used freely. Clipping mainly consists of the following types:
 Back clipping : dropping of a letter pr syllable from the end of a longer
word.
 Fore-clipping
 Middle clipping
 Complex clipping. 
  
8. Give 2 examples of imitation sound. 
Ans: Tick tack, hiss, chirp, murmur, trickle, boo, chirp, click, meow, splash 
9. Give 2 examples of complex clipping. 
Ans: cablegram (cable telegram), org-man (organization man), linocut (linoleum cut) 
10. What is blending? 
     Ans: Blending is formed by fusion of the shortened elements from two (or possibly
more) other words.

11. What is coinage word? 
    Ans: Coinage is typical process of invention of totally new words. With the passage of
time, names of people, places or things may become generalized vocabulary items. The
name of a product is extended from a specific reference to a more general one, for
example: Xerox, and Kodak.

12. Give 2 rules of subject verb agreement. 
    Ans: 
 Two or more singular subjects connected by "or" or "nor" require a
singular verb.
 Either, neither, each, everyone, many a, must be followed by a singular
verb.

13. Give 3 rules of noun pronoun agreement. 
Ans: 
 The relative pronoun 'that' is used in preference to 'who', 'which', after
adjectives in the superlative degree.
 Sometimes, a pronoun is used where it is not required at all.
 The case of the noun or pronoun preceding or succeeding the verb 'to
be' should be the same.

14. What are the uses of articles? Give 3 examples. 
Ans: 
 To make a common noun of a proper noun.
 When we talk about a particular person or thing, or one already referred to......
 when a singular noun is meant to represent the whole class :
ex. Not a word was said.
Twelve inches make a foot.
A stitch in time saves nine. 
15. Give 3 noun which are always used in singular form. 
 Ans: the names of academic subjects such as classics, economics, mathematics/maths, 
physics 
16. Give 5 nouns which are always used in plural form. 
       Ans: Cahoots, Shenanigans, Glasses, Loggerheads, Scissors, Amends.
17. What is zero article. 
Ans: The term zero article refers to noun phrases that contain no articles, either 
definite or indefinite. 
18. Give 5 examples where article are not used? 
Ans: 
Sugar is bad for you teeth.

Wisdom is the gift of heaven.

Children like chocolates.

Computers are used in many offices.

Dinner is ready 

 
19. Give 4 sentence patterns. 
Ans:  
Subject + verb
Subject + verb + direct object.
Subject + verb + Indirect object + direct object 
Subject + verb + subject complement 
Subject + verb + noun / pronoun + adjective. 
 
20. Give five words which are always followed by preposition “to”. 
       Ans: Access, Alternative, Antidote, antipathy, approach, Assent, Attachment,
Attention, disagree, encouragement, exception, indifference, invitation, key.

21. Give five words which are always followed by preposition “for”. 
      Ans: Affection, Apology, Blame, Compassion, Craving, ambition, Appetite, candidate,
compensation, desire, anxiety, aptitude, Capacity, contempt, esteem.

22. Give five words which are always followed by preposition “after”. 
Ans: afterward, afternoon, time,  
23. Give five words which are always followed by reflexive pronoun. 
Ans: 
 I don't need your help while I can do it myself.
 I cut myself when I was shaving.
 She blames herself for that incident.
 Don't hurt yourself by playing carelessly.
  We have enjoyed ourselves. 
 
24. How many types of noun are there. 
Ans:PROPER NOUNS, COMMON NOUNS, COLLECTIVE NOUNS, MATERIAL NOUNS, 
ABSTRACT NOUNS 
25. Types of prepositions. 
Ans: PLACE, TIME, Participial Prepositions, Phrase Prepositions, Phrase
Prepositions 
26. Give 5 phrasal prepositions. 
Ans: according to, agreeably to, along with , away from, because of , by dint of, by
means of , by reason of, by virtue of , by way of. 
27. What are the phrasal prepositions. 
Ans: Phrasal prepositions are a series of words or phrases (get it?) that link and relate 
the object of the preposition (a noun or a pronoun) to the rest of the sentence. 
28. Give five words which are always followed by preposition “of”. 
      Ans: abhorrence, observance, Assured, aware, bereft, Assurance, Proof, Bought,
cautious, certain, charge, Result, Composed, confident, conscious, distrust, Want,
Convicted, deprived, desirous, doubt, Accused, Destitute, dull, easy, envious, Experience,
Afraid, fearful, fond.

29. What are misplaced modifiers? 
     Ans: A misplaced modifier is a word, phrase or clause that is improperly separated
from the word it modifies or describes. Because of this separation, sentences with such
errors often sound awkward or confusing.

30. Give 2 examples of misplaced modifiers. 
Ans: 
 The child ate a cold dish of cereals for breakfast this morning.
The child ate the dish of cold cereals for breakfast this morning.
 Just John was picked to host the programme.
John was just picked to host the programme.
John was picked just to host the programme. 
31. What is a phrase? 
Ans: A group of words which makes sense but not a complete sense, is known as
phrase. 
32. What is a clause? 
       Ans: Such a group of words which forms a part of sentence, and contains a subject
and a predicate is called a clause

33. What is an adjective phrase? 
Ans: When a group of words does the work of an adjective it is known as adjective
phrase. 
34. What is an adverb phrase? 
Ans: A group of words which does the work of an adverb is called adverb phrase. 
35. What is a noun phrase? 
Ans: A noun phrase is a group of words that does the work of a noun. 
36. What are the types of clauses? 
      Ans: Adverb clause. Adjective clause. Noun clause.

37. What is simple sentence. 
Ans: A simple sentence is one which has only one subject and one predicate 
38. What is a compound sentence? 
Ans: A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses (both having
equal importance) 
39. What is a complex sentence? 
        Ans: A compound sentence is made up of one principal / main clause and one or
more dependent /subordinate clause.

40. How many pure vowels are there? 
Ans: There are twelve monophthongs in the English language; they are also known
as pure vowels. 
41. How many gliding vowels are there? 
Ans: There are eight diphthongs in the English language 
42. How many consonants are vowels? 
Ans: There are 24 consonant sounds in the English Language. 
43. What is air‐stream mechanism? 
Ans: The source of air used in the production of the sound 
44. What is articulatory process? 
       Ans: The modification of the flow of air in the vocal tract from the glottis till it
escapes through the lips or the nose.
 45. What is pulmonic air‐stream mechanism? 
      Ans: The movement of lung air by the respiratory muscles. Most sounds are
produced with a pulmonic airstream mechanism.

46. What is glotallic air‐stream mechanism? 
Ans: The movement of pharynx air by the action of the glottis. 
47. What is velaric air‐stream mechanism? 
Ans: The movement of mouth air by action of the tongue 
48. What are eggressive sounds? 
Ans: Sounds that are produced with the help of exhaled air are referred to as
eggressive sounds. 
49. What is ingressive sounds? 
       Ans: Those sounds which are produced by manipulating the air-stream coming into
the vocal tract, as it is being inhaled are referred to as ingressive sounds.

50. How is ejective consonant produced? 
       Ans: If the closed glottis is raised to push the air upward and outward which is then
manipulated by the organs of the speech, an ejective consonant is produced.

51. Give 3 examples of quasi‐linguistic sounds. 
Ans: grandmother's kiss, encouraging a horse, tisk-tisk. 
52. What is phonation process? 
      Ans: The behaviour of the vocal cords in the larynx during the production of the
sounds is described as phonation.

53. How are voiceless sounds produced. 
     Ans: When the glottis is wide open, the air stream moves out without vibrating the
vocal cords, producing the voiceless sounds.

54. How are voiced sounds produced. 
     Ans: When the vocal cords are loosely held together, the glottis is narrowed and the
pressure of air from lungs makes the vocal cords open and close rapidly. This vibration
of the vocal cords produces voiced sounds.

55. What are vowels? 
     Ans: The sounds that are produced when the air-stream moves out freely and
continuously, without any obstruction, are termed as vowels.
 56. How are consonants produced. 
     Ans: Consonant sounds are produced when the air-stream moving out of the lungs
are obstructed at some point before being released.