Mathematics – I

(Section H)
By
Dr. Dheerendra Mishra
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mathematics, Bioinformatics & Computer Applications,
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology(MANIT), Bhopal-462003,
India
Email: dheerendra@manit.ac.in, dheerendramath@gmail.com
Web page: http://www.manit.ac.in/content/dr-dheerendra-mishra
Partial differentiation: definition, simple derivatives
and based problems
Homogeneous functions, Euler’s theorem with proof
and its extension up to second order
Taylor’s Series.
Differentiation of composite functions
Maxima and minima of functions of two or more
variables
Lagrange method of undetermined multipliers
 Next Unit
Curve Tracing, Singular points, Asymptotes.

Expansion of Functions: Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s theorem.

 Unit 3
• Multiple Integral: Double and triple integral, Change of order
of integration,
• Beta and Gamma functions,
• length of curves, Area, Volume and Surfaces of solids of
revolution.
 Vector Calculus
• Vector Differentiation, Gradient, Directional Derivative,
Divergence & Curl of Vector point function, Line Integral,
Surface Integral, Gauss Divergence Theorem, Strokes
theorem & Green’s Theorem.
 Ordinary Differential Equation
• Differential Equation of First Order and Higher Degree, Linear
Differential Equation with Constant Coefficient of Higher
Order, Cauchy’s Differential Equation, Method of Variation of
Parameter, Simultaneous Differential Equation, Second Order
Differential Equation.
 Books
List of Text Books: Reference Books
• R. K. Jain and S. R. K. Iyengar, • G. B. Thomas, Jr., M. D. Weir and
Advanced Engineering J. R. Hass, Thomas' Calculus, 13th
Mathematics, 5th Edition, CRC Edition, Pearson Education, Inc.,
Press, Narosa Publishing New York, 2014.
House, New Delhi, 2016. • Differential Equations, 3Ed by
Shepley L. Ros, Wiley, 2007.
• E. Kreyszig, Advanced
Engineering Mathematics, 10th
Edition, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, 2016.
 Books
List of Text Books: Reference Books
• R. K. Jain and S. R. K. Iyengar, • G. B. Thomas, Jr., M. D. Weir and
Advanced Engineering J. R. Hass, Thomas' Calculus, 13th
Mathematics, 5th Edition, CRC Edition, Pearson Education, Inc.,
Press, Narosa Publishing New York, 2014.
House, New Delhi, 2016. • Differential Equations, 3Ed by
Shepley L. Ros, Wiley, 2007.
• E. Kreyszig, Advanced
Engineering Mathematics, 10th
Edition, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, 2016.
Function of Several Variables
Partial differentiation: definition, simple derivatives
and based problems
Homogeneous functions, Euler’s theorem with proof
and its extension up to second order
Taylor’s Series.
Differentiation of composite functions
Maxima and minima of functions of two or more
variables
Lagrange method of undetermined multipliers
Homogeneous function
 Homogeneous Function
Consider the function
n 1 n 2
f(x,y) = a 0 x  a1 x
n
y  a2 x y  ..........  a n y
2 n

The degree of each term in x and y is n.

Such functions are called homogenious functions of degree n.

Another def.
A function f(x,y) of two independent variables x and y
is said to be homogenious of degree n if f(x,y) can be
 y
written in the form x    where  can be any function
n

x
Some examples of homogenious functions
n y
(1) : F(x,y)=x sin( )
x
(2) : F(x,y)=x  3 xy  y
3 2 3

(3) : F(x,y)=
 y x 
yx
 Euler’s Theorem on Homogeneous Function
If z = F (x,y) be a homogenious function of x,y of degree n
z z
then x + y = nz for all x,y
x y
Proof: We have
z is a homogenious function of degree n.
n  y 
so that z = x  
x
z n 1 y y  y 
  nx f ( )  x f '(
n
) 
x x x  x2 
y y
 nx n 1 f ( )  yx n2
f '( )
x x
z n 1 y y  y 
  nx f ( )  x f '(
n
) 
x x x  x2 
 z y  1  n1 y
Similarly ,  x f '( )    x f '( )
n

y x  x x
Thus ,we have
z z y n 1 y n 1 y
x +y =nx f ( )  yx f '( )  yx f '( )
n

x y x x x
z z y
x +y n
=nx f ( ) =nz
x y x
hence the result.
 Example : Verify Euler's theorem for the function
n y
z = x log
Solution: x
z is a homogenious function of x and y of degree n.
z z
x +y = nz
x y

z n 1 y n  x y 
Now,  nx log  x  * 2 
x x y x 
n 1 y n 1
 nx log  x
x
 z x 1 x n
and x * * 
n

y y x y
Multiply by x and y and add
z z  n 1 y n 1  x n
x y  x  nx log  x   y *
x y  x  y
y
=n x log  x  x
n n n

x
n y
= n x log
x
=nz
COROLLARY I:
If z = f ( x, y ) is a homo. function of x and y of degree n,
 2
z  2
z  2
z
then 2
x 2 + 2xy y 2
 n( n  1) z
x xy y 2

By Eular's theorem,we have

z z
x +y = nz
x y
Differentiating partially w.r.t.x, we get
z  z 2
 z z2
+x 2 + y =n
x x xy x
Again differentiating partially w.r.t.y,we get
 z
2
z  z z 2
x + +y 2=n
xy y y y
Multiplying by x and y respectivily and add
z  2
z  2
z  z  2
z
x x 2
 xy y y 2

x x 2
xy y y 2

 z z 
 n  x +y   2
n z
 x y 
 z2
 z 2
2  z
2
x2
 xy y  n z  nz  n(n  1) z
2

x 2
xy y 2
 1
Example : If u= and x  y  z  0
2 2 2

 x2  y 2  z 2 
 2 u  2 u  2u
then show that  2  2 0
x y z
2

1
Solution : We have u =
x 2
y z2 2

u 1 2
 x y z 
3 2
2 2
2x
x 2
x 
3 2
= -x 2
y z
2 2
 u
2

   
3 2 5 2
 x y z
2 2 2
 3x x  y  z
2 2 2 2

x 2

u
2

   
3 2 5 2
Similarly  x y z
2 2 2
 3y x  y  z
2 2 2 2

y 2

u
2

   
3 2 5 2
 x y z
2 2 2
 3z x  y  z
2 2 2 2

z 2

on adding we get
 u
2
 u
2
 u 2
  0
x 2
y 2
z 2
 1 x y 
2 2
Example : If u= sin  ,
 x y 
u u
then show that x  y  tan u
x y
1  x 2
 y 2

Solution : We have u = sin  
 x y 
x y
2 2
Let z = then sin u = z
x y
  y2 
1  2
x y
2 2
 x 
where z=  x is a homogenious
x y 1  
y
x
function of degree one
 By Eular's theorem ,we have
z z
x y z
x y
z  u
But   sin u   cos u
x x x
z  u
and   sin u   cos u
y y y
 z z  u u 
hence x y  z  cos u  x y  =sinu
x y  x y 
u u
or x y  tan u
x y
  x y 
1
Example : If u = cot 
 x  y 
, then show that
 
u u 1
x y  sin 2u
x y 4
1
 x y 
Solution : We have u= cot 
 x  y 
 
x y
Let z = then cot u = z
x y
y
1 1
x y x
where z =  x2 is a homogenious
x y y
1
x
function of degree half
  By Eular's theorem ,we have
z z z
x y =nz=
x y 2
z 2 u
  cos ec x
x x
z 2 u
and   cos ec x and we have
y y
u 2 u 1
 x cos ec x
2
 y cos ec x = cot u
x y 2
u u  cot u 1
x y =  sin 2u
x y 2 cos ec x 4
2
 1  x 3
 y 3

Example : If u= tan   , x  y then show that
 x y 
 2
u  2
u  2
u
x 2

x 2
 2 xy
xy
 y 2

y 2  1  4sin 
2
u sin 2u

1  x 3
 y 3

Solution : We have u=tan  
 x y 
x3  y 3
Let z = then tan u = z
x y
3
y
1 3
x y
3 3
x
where z =  x 2
is a homogenious
x y y
1
x
function of degree two.
By Eular's theorem ,we have
z z z 2 u z 2 u
x y = n z = 2 z but  sec u and  sec u
x y x x y y
2
 z2
u 2
 u 
Also  sec u 2 +2 sec u tan u  
2 2

x 2
x  x 
2
 z
2
u 2
 u 
 sec u 2 +2 sec u tan u  
2 2

y 2
y  y 
2 z  2
u u u
 sec u
2 2
+2 sec u tan u
xy xy x y
Also by corollary of Eular's theorem,
 2
z  2
z  2
z
x 2
 2 xy y 2
 2(2  1) z
x 2
xy y 2
   2
u  2
u  2
u
 sec u  x
2 2
 2 xy y 2
2 
 x xy y 
2

 2  u 
2
u u 2  u 
2

+2sec u tan u  x    2 xy *  y     2 tan u
2
  x  x y  y  
 

2
u 2
u 2
2  u
2
 u u 
x 2
 2 xy y  2 tan u  x  y   2sin u cos u
x 2
xy y 2
 x y 
 2
u  2
u  2
u
x 2
 2 xy  y 2
 sin 2u  2 tan u sin 2
2u
x 2
xy y 2

= sin 2u  1  2 tan u sin 2u 


= sin 2u 1  4sin 2 u 
Exercise
  2u  2u
3 Varify that 
xy yx
where u is log (ysinx+xsiny)
 x y 
1
4 If z= sin   , show that
 x y 
 
z y z
 *
x x y
5 If z = f(x+ay)+g(x-ay), show that
2 z  2
z
a 2

y 2
x 2