CHEM 1072 General Chemistry

Lecture 1
Matter and
Measurement

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Why study chemistry?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chemistry is far beyond the production of chemicals

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chemistry is the study of matter and how matter
changes

Matter
Elements
Atoms
Molecules

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 PART I Atoms, molecules and elements
Lecture 1 Matter and Measurement
Lecture 2 Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Lecture 3 Electronic structures of Atoms
Lecture 4 Periodic properties of the elements
Lecture 5 Stoichiometry of chemical reactions
Lecture 6 Brief introduction to chemical bonding

PART II Chemical bonding and reactions

Lecture 7 Properties of solutions
Lecture 8 Chemical kinetics
Lecture 9 Chemical equilibrium
Lecture 10 Acid-base equilibria
Lecture 11 Additional aspects of aqueous equilibria
Lecture 12 Chemical thermodynamics

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 States of matter

Gas

Liquid

Solid

The three physical states of water—water vapor, liquid water, and ice.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Elements, compounds and mixture

A pure substance is a matter that has distinct properties and a composition that does
not vary from sample to sample.

Elements are substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances.

Compounds are substances composed of two or more elements, not mixture.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Composition of matters

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Compounds into molecules: electrophoresis of water

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Mixtures: heterogeneous and homogeneous

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Classification of matter

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chemical reactions: from one substance to another

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chemical reactions: from one substance to another

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Separation of substances: filtration, a physical
change

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Separation of substances: distillation, a physical
change

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Separation of substances: column chromatography,
a physical change

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Units of measurement

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 SI Units

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Units of temperature

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Units of volume

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Density: the amount of mass in a unit volume of a
substance

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Uncertainty in measurement

Precision and accuracy

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Significant figures

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Significant figures in calculations

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Dimensional analysis: conversion factors

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Summary: mass and measurement

INTRODUCTION AND SECTION 1.1 Chemistry is the study of the composition,

structure, properties, and changes of matter. The composition of matter relates to the
kinds of elements it contains. The structure of matter relates to the ways the atoms of
these elements are arranged. A property is any characteristic that gives a sample of
matter its unique identity. A molecule is an entity composed of two or more atoms with
the atoms attached to one another in a specific way.

Matter exists in three physical states, gas, liquid, and solid, which are known as the
states of matter. There are two kinds of pure substances: elements and compounds.
Each element has a single kind of atom and is represented by a chemical symbol
consisting of one or two letters, with the first letter capitalized. Compounds are
composed of two or more elements joined chemically. The law of constant composition,
also called the law of definite proportions, states that the elemental composition of a
pure compound is always the same. Most matter consists of a mixture of substances.
Mixtures have variable compositions and can be either homogeneous or
heterogeneous; homogeneous mixtures are called solutions.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Each substance has a unique set of physical properties and chemical properties
that can be used to identify it. During a physical change, matter does not change its
composition. Changes of state are physical changes. In a chemical change
(chemical reaction) a substance is transformed into a chemically different sub-
stance. Intensive properties are independent of the amount of matter examined and
are used to identify substances. Extensive properties relate to the amount of
substance present. Differences in physical and chemical properties are used to
separate substances.

All measured quantities are inexact to some extent. The precision of a measurement
indicates how closely different mea- surements of a quantity agree with one another.
The accuracy of a measurement indicates how well a measurement agrees with the
accepted or “true” value. The significant figures in a measured quantity include one
estimated digit, the last digit of the measurement. The significant figures indicate the
extent of the uncertainty of the measurement. Certain rules must be followed so that a
calculation involving measured quantities is reported with the appropriate number of
significant figures.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 KEY SKILLS

Distinguish among elements, compounds, and mixtures. (Section 1.2)

Memorize symbols of common elements. (Section 1.2)
Memorize common metric prefixes. (Section 1.4)
Use significant figures, scientific notation, and SI units in calculations. (Section 1.5)
Use dimensional analysis in calculations. (Section 1.6)

KEY EQUATIONS

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.