Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Matter and
Measurement
John D. Bookstaver
St. Charles Community College
Cottleville, MO 1
Course Evaluation
Activity Weight Description
Laboratory 30% 6 labs each will be evaluated out
of 5%
Midterm Exam 10% The content covered before the
mid term (first 4 weeks)
Final Exam 25% (5% on the content covered in the
midterm, 20% for the other
lectures)
Course Work 20% Assignments, classwork
activities, Quizzes ( scheduled
and pop quizzes)
Project 15% Including poster presentation
and discussion
Instructor Info:
Email: rasha.elnashar@eui.edu.eg
Office hrs: Wednesday 9:00-11:00 2
Chemistry
In this science we study
matter, its
properties, and its
behavior.
Matter
And
Measurement
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 16
Properties and Changes of Matter
Chemical Properties…
Can only be observed when a substance is changed
into another substance.
◦ Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with acid, etc.
Extensive Properties…
Depend upon the amount of the substance present.
◦ Mass, volume, energy, etc.
Chemical Changes
Chemical changes result in new substances.
◦ Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.
K = C + 273.15
F = 9/5(C) + 32
C = 5/9(F − 32)
33
Example
A weather forecaster predicts the temperature will reach 31 °C.
What is this temperature (a) in K, (b) in °F?
(a) we have
K = 31 + 273 = 304 K.
Practice Exercise
34
Derived Units
Density is a physical property of a substance.
It has units (g/mL, for example) that are derived from
the units for mass and volume.
m
d=
V
35
Example
(a) Calculate the density of mercury if 1.00 × 102 g occupies a volume of
7.36 cm3.
(b) Calculate the volume of 65.0 g of liquid methanol (wood alcohol) if its
density is 0.791 g/mL.
(c) What is the mass in grams of a cube of gold (density = 19.32 g/cm3)
if the length of the cube is 2.00 cm?
(a)
(b)
37
Uncertainty in Measurements
Different measuring devices have different uses and
different degrees of accuracy.
38
Accuracy versus Precision
Accuracy refers to the
proximity of a measurement
to the true value of a quantity.
40
Significant Figures
1. All nonzero digits are significant.
2. Zeroes between two significant figures are
themselves significant.
3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are
never significant.
4. Zeroes at the end of a number are
significant if a decimal point is written in the
number.
How many significant figures are in each of the following numbers (assume
that each number is a measured quantity): (a) 4.003, (b) 6.023 × 1023, (c)
5000?
(a) Four; the zeros are significant figures.
(b) Four; the exponential term does not add to the number of significant
figures.
(c) One; we assume that the zeros are not significant when there is no
decimal point shown.
If the number has more significant figures, a decimal point should be
employed or the number written in exponential notation. Thus, 5000.
has four significant figures, whereas 5.00×103 has three.
Practice Exercise
How many significant figures are in each of the following measurements:
(a) 3.549 g, (b) 2.3 × 104 cm,
(c) 0.00134 m3?
Answers: (a) four, (b) two, (c) three
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 43
Example
The width, length, and height of a small box are 15.5 cm, 27.3 cm, and
5.4 cm, respectively. Calculate the volume of the box, using the correct
number of significant figures in your answer.
In reporting the volume, we can show only as many significant figures as
given in the dimension with the fewest significant figures, that for the
height (two significant figures):
A calculator used for this calculation shows 2285.01, which we must round
off to two significant figures. Because the resulting number is 2300, it is
best reported in exponential notation, 2.3 × 103, to clearly indicate two
significant figures.
Practice Exercise
It takes 10.5 s for a sprinter to run 100.00 m. Calculate her average speed in
meters per second, and express the result to the correct number of
significant figures.
Answer: 9.52 m/s (three significant figures)
44
Practice Example
desired unit
Given unit desired unit
given unit
Conversion factor
100 cm 1 in.
8.00 m 315 in.
1m 2.54 cm
If a woman has a mass of 115 lb, what is her mass in grams? (Use the
relationships between units given on the back inside cover of the text.)