ESSENTIALS OF

INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
JQD 12202
3.0 In-Organic Chemical Processes
Industrial Acid and Bases (H2SO4, H3PO4, HNO3, NaOH,
Na2CO3)
 OUTLINE

• Common Industrial Acids

• Common Industrial Bases

• Solvay Process
- Reactions Involving Carbon Dioxide
- Reactions Involving Ammonia
- Application of Soda Ash
- Environment Issues
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 ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY

• Important in our everyday lives.

• Acids and bases is important in chemical industry.

• Give environmental impact.

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 COMMON INDUSTRIAL ACIDS

• Sulfuric ( H2SO4 ) used in most manufacturing (i.e. automobile batteries)

- H2SO4, is manufactured in greater quantity worldwide than any other industrial

chemical.

- highly corrosive

- may cause painful burns.

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 COMMON INDUSTRIAL ACIDS

• Hydrochloric (HCl) used in industrial applications (i.e. masonry/mortars and

metal cleaning)

- Aqueous HCl is stomach acid in the digestive systems of most mammals.

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 COMMON INDUSTRIAL ACIDS

• Nitric acid ( HNO3) is a strong oxidizing agent that is used for the manufacture
of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and military explosives.

- When spilled on the skin, it leaves a characteristic yellow coloration because of

its reaction with skin proteins.

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 COMMON INDUSTRIAL ACIDS

• Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is used in phosphate fertilizers, and as an additive in foods

and toothpastes.

- The tart taste of many soft drinks is due to the presence of phosphoric acid.

• Acetic acid (CH3CO2H) is the primary constituent of vinegar. Its also used in the
preparation of solvents, lacquers, and coatings.

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 COMMON INDUSTRIAL BASES

• Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), caustic soda or lye, is the most commonly used of
all bases.

- It is used in the production of aluminum, glass, soap, and drain cleaners.

- Concentrated solutions can cause severe burns.

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 COMMON INDUSTRIAL BASES

• Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), or slaked lime, is made by treating lime (CaO) with
water.

- It is used in mortars and cements.

• Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, or milk of magnesia, is an additive in foods,

toothpaste, and over-the-counter medications.
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 COMMON INDUSTRIAL BASES

• Ammonia, NH3, is used primarily as a fertilizer, but has industrial applications

including pharmaceuticals and explosives.

- A dilute solution of ammonia is frequently used as a glass cleaner.

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SOLVAY PROCESS
 OUTLINE

• Introduction to Solvay process

• Reactions Involving Carbon Dioxide

• Reactions Involving Ammonia

• Application of Soda Ash

• Environment Issues

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 INTRODUCTION

• The Solvay process also know as ammonia-soda process.

• The major industrial process for the production of soda ash (sodium carbonate).
• The ammonia-soda process was developed into its modern form by ERNEST
SOLVAY during the 1860s in Belgium.

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 INTRODUCTION TO SOLVAY PROCESS

• The raw material for Solvay process are readily available and inexpensive: salt
brine, NaCl (from the sea), limestone, CaCO3(from mines) and ammonia.
• The overall process is:
2 NaCl + CaCO3 → Na2CO3 + CaCl2
• Products are sodium carbonate and calcium chloride.

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 A = AMMONIA TOWER
B = SOLVAY TOWER
C = KILN
D = AMMONIA RECOVERY
TOWER

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 SOLVAY PROCESS
• Chemical reaction for Solvay Process at Solvay Tower

NaCI + CO2 + NH3 +H2O → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl (equation v)

• The sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO3) from reaction above is then converted to the final product,

sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) by heating at 160 - 230 ºC, producing water and carbon dioxide as

by products:

2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 (equation vi)

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 APPLICATIONS OF SODA ASH

• Water treatment - to remove calcium bicarbonate from water by forming the very slightly soluble
calcium carbonate (reducing water hardness)
• Paper making - soda ash softens wood chips and controls the pH level in the pulp cooking
process
• As a common alkali in many chemical factories - pH adjustment/acid neutralization
• Making sodium bicarbonate – as household products home detergents and cleaning products

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 APPLICATIONS OF SODA ASH

• Glass making - to make the most common type of glass, soda-lime silica glass, generally
used in the flat glass (automotive and construction) , glass container (food and drink)
and many other glass industries. Soda ash is an essential constituent in that it reduces the
furnace temperature necessary to melt the silica
• Removing sulfur dioxide (SO2) from flue gases in power stations

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 ENVIRONMENT ISSUES

• There are several issues:

i. Solid waste
ii. Air pollution waste
iii. Thermal waste

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 ENVIRONMENT ISSUES
Environment
Problems Way of Disposal
Solid waste of  To pumping out to sea, or evaporating to dryness and disposing of
Calcium the solid.
chloride, CaCl2  CaCl2 can not be pumped into rivers or lakes because it will raise the
concentration of chloride ion to unacceptable levels.

Air Pollution of  Ammonia is a toxic atmospheric pollutant.

Ammonia  Ammonia losses are minimised to reduce plant operation costs.
Thermal  Solvay Process used exothermic process (release heat).
Pollution  Water is used to the cooling process either to released into the sea
or into the river or lakes without causing disruption to aquatic
organisms.
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 LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Determine the common industrial acids and bases in industry.

• Fully understand the major of industrial processes in order to produce the

common industrial acids and bases.

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 REFERENCE

• Chang, R. 2005. Chemistry. McGraw Hill.

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