SURFACE (WALL)

FINISHING

Presented to:-

Prof. Prabhat Rao

Prof. Afaq Ahmed

CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL III

GROUP II
 •Plastering, Painting, Polishing and Varnishing
•Jointing and Pointing
•Wall cladding
•Preparation of various surfaces

Contents •Waterproofing
PLASTERING,PAINTING,
POLISHING AND
VARNISHING
Plastering
  Plaster is a building material

 At the beginning, wet materials are spread

over the block or brick works and then
suitable equipment is used to make the
surface smooth level

PLASTERING  Plaster is sometimes called render when

using the exterior of the building.

 The main purpose of using plaster in

building construction is to decorate or
protect surfaces of walls or ceilings

 It doesn’t have any load bearing capacity.

 walls constructed from irregular and different size stones might
require three coating. This is because thick under coat tend to
sag due to weight of thick wet plaster.

 That is why spreading thin layer and permitting to harden

followed by employing second under coat is the best practice as
shown in Figure . Finally, finish coat is applied for the surface.

 Wet materials that spread over wall or roof surfaces should not be
more than 0.3 cm. However, there are surfaces that irregularities
are more than 3cm. In this case under coat which is low cost coarse
grain material is used to render the surface followed by finish coat
that is thin layer of fine grain materials.
TYPES OF PLASTERING

We use different types of plaster in

building construction. And it is
categorized based on the material used
to make plastering paste.

 Cement plaster
 Clay plaster
 Gypsum
plaster
 Lime plaster
  It is the common type of plaster we normally use in building
construction.
 The main ingredients of cement plaster are
cement and sand.

1. CEMENT
 It can be used in both interior and exterior surfaces.
 It is specially suited for damp condition.

PLASTER  Cement plaster is usually applied in one coat.

 Thickness of coat can be 12 – 15mm or 20mm depending
upon site conditions and type of building.
 6mm thickness of plastering of 1:3 or 1:4 ratio is recommended
for cement plastering of rcc surfaces.
  You’ll find readymade cement plaster bag on the
market. Readymade cement plaster is found on dry
condition. You just need to mix water to that dry
powder to prepare plastering paste. While mixing
water, follow the specification provided by the
manufacturer.
 You can also prepare cement plaster on site by

Method Of
mixing cement and sand. In fact most of the time
we use manually mixing mortar.
 While mixing cement and sand, we use the ratio of 1:3
Cement or 1:4 depending on the purpose of plastering. When
we say 1:4, we mean that one unit cement will be
Plastering: mixed with four units of sand.
 After mixing the cement and sand in the dry
state properly, the required quantity of water
is added to the mix.
 After mixing water it is then applied to the
surface.
 The thickness of cement plaster varies depending on
the surface condition. It can be 12mm to 25mm. It is
normally applied in one coat.
2. LIME PLASTER
When lime is used as a binding material for preparing
plastering mortar, that is called lime plaster.
 Lime plaster is prepared by mixing hydrated lime, sand,
and water.
 Lime plaster is a type of plaster composed of hydrated
lime, sand and water.
 Lime plaster is similar to lime mortar, the main difference is
based on use rather than composition.
 Mortar for lime plaster is usually prepared by mixing sand
and lime in equal proportions, to improve the strength small
quantity of cement is added to it.
3.MUD PLASTER
 When clay or mud is used to make the plastering mortar, that is called
clay plaster. It is also called mud plaster.
 The main ingredients of clay plaster are Mud and Sand.
 The surface to be prepared exactly in the same manner as that of for
lime plaster or cement plaster.
 Mud plaster is generally applied in two coats, the first coat being
18mm thick while the thickness of second coat kept 6mm.

Method Of Clay Plastering:

To prepare the plaster paste, clay and sand are mixed in dry state and
then water is added to the mix.
The surface preparation for clay plastering is same as the cement
plastering.
The clay plaster is normally applied in two coats.
The thickness of the 1st coat is about 18mm
while the 2nd coat is 6mm.
4.GYPSUM PLASTER
 Gypsum plaster can be a good alternative to cement
plaster.
 Gypsum is used as binding material in gypsum plaster. It is
normally found in the ready-mix bag in the market.

Method Of Gypsum Plastering:

You need to add water with the ready mix powder.

The method of gypsum plaster is same as the cement plaster.
The recommended thickness of gypsum
plaster is 6mm to 12mm.
 Application of Plasters
• Important role in building Industry.
•used for coating, protecting and decorating internal
walls and ceilings
•used to create architectural mouldings such as ceiling
roses, cornices, corbels
• Different types of plaster have different utility
Gypsum plaster Lime plaster

Clay plaster Plaster of paris

POINTING
POINTING
• Finishing of mortar joints in brick or stone masonry
construction is called as pointing.
• Implementation of joints to a depth of 10 mm to 20 mm
and filling it with better quality mortar in desired shape.
• Done for cement mortar and lime mortar joints.
• Lime Mortar of 1:2 and cement mortar of 1:3 is used.
• Gives resisting power to the stone used in construction
towards weather conditions.
 ●
Preparation of Surface
○ Joints are raked down to a depth of
20mm while the mortar is still soft.
○ Joints and surface are cleaned.
● Mortar is placed in joints using trowel,
Process Of excess mortar is scraped away.
● Mortar should be pressed hard to gain a
Pointing strong bond with old interior mortar.
● Pointing surface is kept wet for at least a
week or till it sets after application.
Types Of Pointing
● Flush pointing -
○ Mortar is pressed hard in raked joints and is finished off
with the edge of masonry units for smooth appearance.
○ Edges are trimmed with trowel.
It is more durable because of resisting the provision of
space for dust, water etc.
● Recessed Pointing -
○ Mortar is pressed back by 5mm or more from the
edges.
○ During placing of mortar the face of the pointing is
kept vertical. This gives a good appearance.
● Beaded Pointing
○ Mortar is first pressed in the raked joins and thereafter it is
finished flush with the face of the wall.
○ While the pressed mortar is still green, a steel rod having its end
suitably shaped is run straight along the centerline of the joints to
form the beading.
○ Gives good appearance but get damaged easily.

● Weathered Pointing/ Struck Pointing-

○ mortar is first pressed into the raked joints
○ the top of horizontal joints is neatly pressed back by 3
to 6 mm with the pointing tool.
○ the joint is finished sloping from top of the joint to its
bottom
● Keyed Pointing-
○ mortar is pressed into the rate joints finished of flush with the face
of the wall
○ groove is formed by running the bend end of a small Steel rod
straight along the center line of the joints.
○ It gives a good appearance.

● Tuck Pointing-
○ Mortar is pressed in the raked joint first and thereafter finishing
flush with the face of the wall.
○ A groove or narrow channel is cut in the center of the groove
which is having 5mm width and 3mm depth.
○ This groove is then filled with white cement putty, kept projecting
beyond the face of the joint by 3 mm.
● V-Pointing-
○ formed by forming V-groove in the flush-finishing
face.
○ A suitably shaped steel rod is used for forming groove.
WHAT IS
JOINTING ?
Jointing is the word used to
describe the finish of the mortar
joints between bricks, to provide a
neat joint in brickwork that is
finished fairface.
 Most fair faced brickwork joints are finished, as the brickwork is
raised, in the form of a flush or bucket handle joint.

When the mortar has gone off, that is hardened sufficiently, the joint
PROCESS is made.One of the most important aspects of jointing up brickwork
is to avoid smudging or staining the surface of the bricks.
OF Timing is probably the most important aspect of jointing up.The
JOINTING correct time to joint up will be determined by the suction rate of the
brakes being used and the weather conditions when the bricks were
laid .
TYPES OF
JOINTING
Flush joints- They are generally
made as a ‘bagged’ or a ‘bagged in
joint. The joint is made by rubbing
coarse sacking or a brush across the
face of the brickwork to rub away all
protruding mortar and leaving a flush
joint. This type of joint, can most
effectively be used on brickwork
where the bricks are uniform in
shape and comparatively smooth
faced, where the mortar will not
spread over the face of the
brickwork.
 A bucket handle/
half round tooled
joint

It is made by running the top face of

a metal bucket handle or the handle
of a spoon along the joint to form a
concave, slightly recessed joint . The
advantage of the bucket handle joint
is that the operation compacts the
mortar into the joint and improves
weather resistance to some extent. A
bucket handle joint may be formed
by a jointing tool with or without a
wheel attachment to facilitate
running the tool along uniformly
deep joints.
The struck
joint
It is made with a pointing trowel that
is run along the joint either along the
edges of uniformly shaped bricks or
along a wood straight edge, where the
bricks are irregular in shape or coarse
textured, to form the splayed back
joint.
Raked/The
Square
recessed joint
Raked or square-recessed joints are
joints where the surface is a
specified depth below the surface of
the brick.This is achieved by raking
or scraping out the joint material
using a tool called a ‘Chariot’ or an
improvised depth gauge which is
usually a piece of timber with a nail
inserted to the depth required.
Weather
struck
joint
It is formed using a pointing
trowel. The joint has a surface,
which slopes from the top to the
bottom of the brick so that water
can run off the surface of the
joint. Vertical joints can have
the joints sloping left or right
but must be consistent
throughout the wall surface.
 Flush and bucket handle joints are mainly used
for jointing as the brickwork is raised.
The struck joint is mainly used for pointing the

USES joints in old brickwork and the recessed joint to

emphasise the profile, colour and textures of
bricks for appearance sake to both new and old
brickwork.
What Is Wall Cladding?

Wall cladding is a method of fitting one

material over another material that will create
an extra protective and attractive layer over the
walls.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

Wet cladding Dry cladding

WET CLADDING DRY CLADDING

adhesive or liquid latex combined Involves drilling holes into the surface
with cement based filler powder
 WET CLADDING DRY CLADDING
STRENGTH the tensile strength of the adhesive Anchor grout pull off strength with the surface

no on site drilling is required  drilling is the part of fixing the tiles

DRILLING

SAFETY stone can fall off safe & stone stays for long life without falling off

 TIME Wet is easy but consume lot of time time saving procedure

more convenient & fast

EXPANSION & no room for later expansion

CONTRACTION buckling of natural stone Weatherproof silicon sealant
 WET CLADDING DRY CLADDING
TILE less than dry cladding tile must be thick
THICKNESS

BOND
BETWEEN Entirely Made throughout the gap of minimum 30-45 mm
STONE & area between wall & tile, it acts as
CLADDING thermal barrier
No space is left between them

LABOUR normal labour high skilled labour is required

TYPES OF CLADDING
Stone cladding

Wooden cladding

Brick cladding

Tile cladding

Metal cladding

Vinyl cladding

Concrete building

Board building

Wallpapers
STONE
CLADDING
Stone is an eco-friendly material
and is used both in the interiors for
Wall Cladding. There are options of
granite, slate, marble, sandstone,
limestone, Kota to name a few.
Stone imparts a feeling of warmth
in the building. Its durability
depends on the thickness of the
stone as more the thickness more
the durability of the Stone.
WOODEN
CLADDING
Wood and Timber cladding is
widely used in both the interiors and
the exteriors of the building. Wood
imparts a feeling of warmth and is
aesthetically very pleasing. This
material possesses the natural
resistance to decay and it is light in
weight making installation very
easy. Its major drawback is that it is
not fire resistant.
BRICK
CLADDING
Brick Cladding renders a very rustic
feeling to the building interiors and
exteriors. It is a porous material
which shall absorb water in the rains
but shall eventually dry out. Special
attention should be given to sealing
the joints so as to prevent rain water
from entering the interiors.
TILE
CLADDING
Tile Cladding is available in various
options, designs and sizes. Tile
cladding is used in bathrooms,
kitchens, building exteriors and in
areas that need to be highlighted in
the interiors. They are available in
the form of ceramic tiles, granite
tiles, porcelain tiles , glass tiles,
mosaic tiles etc. Tiles used for the
exteriors should be weather resistant
and their colors should not fade
when exposed to the sun.
METAL
CLADDING
Metal Cladding is usually used in
Commercial Buildings and Factories.
It is one of the most durable claddings
available in the market. They have
changed the way buildings can look
and give a very hi-tech look to the
buildings. ACP or Aluminum Cladding
Panels are light weight and are widely
used today. They can also be applied
on an existing building surface and
impart a new look to the exteriors.
 Vinyl cladding is more popular for cladding
the exteriors of the building in the Western
Countries. It is the cheapest type of cladding
VINYL and relatively cheap to install.
CLADDING It is durable, effective in insulation and is
resistant to scratches.
 Glass Fiber reinforced concrete is used as
a cladding material for decorative purposes.

CONCRETE It is easy to maintain and install without any

requirement of painting or plastering and
CLADDING can be fixed directly over the brickwork or
masonry.
 Boards are available in different varieties like
BOARD Gypsum boards, cement boards, calcium silicate
boards, fiber cement boards etc. are available
CLADDING for cladding. They are fixed directly on the
brickwork or masonry.
 Wallpapers are used in the interiors to
highlight certain areas. They are primarily
WALLPAPERS used in the interiors of residences, hotels,
resorts and corporate offices.
 There are many types of cladding so in which I
consider 3 things in

MARKET cladding.

SURVEY 1. Stone
2. Wood
3. Pvc
 Stone – Stones are very costly material. It’s used for many purposes as like decoration, sculpturing, walls, etc.

there are 2 types of stone which I take for market survey of cladding.

Granite

Sand stone

Granite – there are 3 types of granite stone.

 Red granite stone

 Bur berry black granite stone

 Dark green granite stone

There are the prices of granite.

1. Red sand granite 85Rs. /sq. feet

2. Bur berry black granite 75Rs. /sq. feet

3. Dark green granite 50Rs. /sq. feet

Sand stone – there are the 3 types of sand stone.

There are the prices of sand stone.

1. Gardha yellow sand stone 550Rs. /sq. met.

2. Rad sand stone 200Rs. /sq. met.

3. Rainbow sand stone 85Rs. /sq. met.

 WOOD – Nowadays wood not easily available, that’s why it is costly. Mostly for cladding hard wood comes in use.

There are 3 types of wood which I take.

1. Deodar

2. Indian teak

3. Oak

There are the prices of hard wood.

1. Deodar 900Rs. /cu. feet

2. Indian teak 1200Rs. /cu. feet

3. Oak 1400Rs. /cu. feet

PVC – Todays pvc [polyvinyl chloride] are in trending. There are 2 types of pvc which I consider.
1. PVC FORM BOARD – Pvc form board in the market available in 3 Types, according to the density.
 Low density

 Medium density

 Height density

These boards come according to the thickness 5,6,8,12,18,25.

These sheets come in 34 sq. feet of size.

Here the prices of these boards

1. Low density 140Rs. /sq. feet

2. Medium density 170Rs. /sq. feet

3. Height density 200Rs. /sq. feet

These all prices are in 18 thickness.

2. PVC penal sheet – these sheets are used on the wall and these are used on the places of paint or distemper like these things. These sheets come in same
thicknesses. These sheets come in different types.

1. Regular sheet 60-80Rs. /sq. feet

2. Premium sheet 50-60Rs. /sq. feet

3. Royal quality sheet 60-65Rs. /sq. feet

4. Heavy sheet 60-70Rs. /sq. feet

5. Heavy with round molding 70Rs. /sq. feet

Preparation of various surfaces
PREPARATION OF VARIOUS
SURFACES

Surface preparation is the process of treating the surface of a substance in order to increase its
adhesion to coatings. The surfaces most often prepared are:
Steel
Concrete
Wood
Plastic
Aluminum
Surface preparation is also known as grit blasting.
IMPORTANCE
OF SURFACE
PREPARATION
 To increase the long-life of a
substrate.
 To
increase the coating
performance.
 To increase the
surface area for good
adhesion
 To remove all
contamination from the metal
surface and prevent their re-
deposition.
 WOOD

Clean the surface

of the wood
To ensure that your primer and
paint bond well with the wooden
material, clean the wood thoroughly
with a TSP and water mixture.
Sand the
surface of
the wood
Sanding the wood surface creates tiny
dings and scratches that allow the paint
to bond well to the material. Using a
handheld orbital sander for large,
smooth surfaces or sandpaper strips for
smaller, more ornate surfaces, sand the
entire surface of the wood. Be sure
also to sand the corners and ridges of
your wooden piece.
Clean off dust
and debris
Sanding creates a lot of wood
particles and dust, which you won’t
want to have on the surface when
you apply primer or paint. These
particles will create a bumpy and
imperfect coat of paint. If you’re
sanding a large surface, we
recommend using a shop vac so that
the particles are removed and
contained instead of floating around
the room.
Apply primer to the surface of the wood (second coat if still
translucent)
 Again, since sanding helps paint to bond well to the
Sand the primed wood material, sand the primed surface of the wood,

surface
and repeat the process of cleaning off dust and debris.
Apply the two coats of paint
Painting of New Iron •Painting of iron and steel surfaces will resist the rust
and Steel Surfaces formation due to weathering. Before painting the surface
must be cleaned.
Repainting
of Old Repainting of steel and iron surfaces is as same as new surfaces but
Steel and cleaning of old paint is most important. Oxy acetylene flame is used

Iron to burn off the paint surface and then it is scrapped with brushes

Surfaces
Painting of
Plastered
Surfaces
Painting of newly plastered
surfaces is difficult because of
moisture content present in the
plaster material.
To overcome this, alkali
resistant primer is used in prime
coat.
 Surface
preparation for
brick masonry
masonry walls of the buildings are
finished with suitable material for
one or more purposes such as, for
producing decorative appearance,
protection against rain- penetration,
protection against atmospheric
exposures for increased durability,
etc.
depends upon many factors like the
desired performance of the building,
a degree of maintenance, cost etc.
 The outer walls of the buildings are finished
with suitable materials. Their specifications,
and color depending upon several factors such
as
Decorative appearance desired
Degree of maintenance
Degree of protection desired against rain
CONSIDERATION penetration
Climatic conditions, affecting durability
Background material of the surface intended to
receive finish
Period of year in which finish is required to be
applied
cost
 1. BEFORE PLASTERING WORK

ensure that masonry work is complete in all respects

Make scaffolding in advance
Fill the external side gaps in masonry and joints of the beam and
PREPARATION wall, which was not possible from outside.
FOR THE Remove all wooden pieces, papers, kathya (rope) etc. and other
EXTERNAL unwanted material from the R.C.C and masonry surfaces
PLASTER Wet the surfaces a day before plastering
Check all the windows, door frames etc. for plumb, line and level.
Check all the elevational features as per the architectural drawing.
Mark level dots before starting the external plaster.
Check if surfaces are affected by green algae or efflorescence.
02. SCAFFOLDING
The general use of “H” frame & steel tabular
scaffolding, in big project.
small projects where bamboo scaffolding is
used. When only single scaffolding is used,
contractor erect only one raw of bamboo and
take the support of external walls which is to
be plastered. It will not give only rise to a patch
which will appear and look bad but it is also a
source for water to enter
Hence always use double scaffolding to the
extent possible for external plaster.
03. DURING PLASTER WORK

The process should begin a minimum two days prior to

plastering for gaining enough strength.
Keep the thickness of the plaster to a minimum.
All the joints and surface should be well cleaned with a
wire brush .
fixing chicken mesh to all joints of masonry and R.C.C
work
Alignment and fixing level pegs on outer wall surfaces.
First coat mortar filling (1:4 Cement and Sand) up to 12
mm will be applied on surfaces where required mortar
thicknesses exceed 20mm.
External wall plaster will be finished with a rough
surface.
04. AFTER PLASTER WORK
After completion of the plasterwork, minimum
7 days curing is necessary.
Wall putty is a fine powder made of white
cement which is mixed with water & other
additives to create a solution that is applied to
the wall.
Generally, professional painters apply two
coats of Indigo wall putty before painting any
surface. The first coat fills in the imperfections
and the second coat ensures that the coated
surface and the wall are in one line with each
other.
WATERPROOFING
 HOW WATER CAUSES DAMAGE
Water may come through various sources

• Foundation

• External walls

• Internal walls (toilet and kitchen)

• Roof

• Overhead tank

It destroys the surfaces of walls or roof

Cost: - Rs: - 85/sq. feet

Need for
waterproofing walls
Dampness or leaking walls is a common problem in
Indian Households.

• Thermal expansion and contraction create cracks on

outer surfaces of walls, providing passage for water to
peculate.

• It degrades the aesthetic aspects of a building.

• This may deteriorate the living environment.

• It may cause health problems, as the damped areas

create perfect environment for fungus and bacteria to
grow.

Ways to waterproof walls

• Cementitious waterproofing

• Liquid waterproofing membrane

• Polyurethane Waterproofing
Cementitious
Waterproofing
The cementitious waterproof coating can be described as breathable, seamless coatings
used to provide waterproofing protection on concrete and masonry surfaces.

Advantages
• It is chemical resistant as well as abrasion and weather resistant including frost.
• It is good at bonding porous and non-porous surfaces, as well as old and new
concrete.
• Protects against water penetration, yet water vapor permeable (breathable).

Disadvantages
• Not Flexible
• Should not be exposed to sunlight
Materials
• Organic or inorganic chemicals
• Silica based substances

Due to hydration reaction a waterproof seal of 1mm to 2mm is created on surfaces.

Available options
• Dr. Fixit waterproof powder (500g @ Rs 340)
• Dr. Fixit LW+
• Dr. Fixit PIDICRETE URP (200g @ Rs 80)
Liquid Waterproofing
Membrane
Liquid waterproofing membranes are
applied like paint, upon drying, they form
an elastic membrane with excellent
waterproofing capability.

Advantages

Easy application

High elasticity

Long useful life

Can withstand thermal effects

Available options

• Elephant shield Rubber coat (Rs 1000/ltr)

• Dr. Fixit Rain coat (Rs 635/ltr)

Polyurethane
waterproofing
Polyurethane is made up of two components, base and reactor. Polyol acts as the
base, while isocyanide is the reactor component

The combination of both these in a specific design ratio creates a liquid coating
for waterproofing applications.

Advantages

• Easy and fast installation

• seamless finish

• Long term durability and wear resistant

• UV and weather resistant

• Resistant to alkaline cleaners, battery acid and fuels

THANK YOU