Interdisciplinary Course 2 (Ic 2) : Educational Management

INTERDISCIPLINARY
COURSE 2 (IC 2)
EDUCATIONAL
MANAGEMENT
IC 2 EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT
MODULE 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF EDUCATIONAL

MANAGEMENT (2 Credits)
Unit 1: Concept of Educational Management
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a) Educational Management - Meaning, Objectives and
Importance
b) Principles of Management by Henry Fayol and Its
Application to Educational Management
c) Concept of Systems Thinking and Systems Approach
to Educational management
“
a) Educational Management - Meaning,
Objectives and Importance
”
3
Management
Management is the process of planning, organizing, directing, controlling and evaluating to accomplish
predetermined objectives of an institution through coordinated use of human and material resources.
Management is the Art/Science of:-

● Getting work done.
● With the help of other people
● Within the given budget
● Within the given deadlines
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F. W. Taylor
Management is the art of “knowing what you want to do and then seeing that it
is done in the best and cheapest way”
G. R. Terry
Management as a process “consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and

controlling, performed to determine and accomplish the objective by the use of
people and resources.”
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Educational Management
"Educational management is the theory and practice of the organization and administration of existing
educational establishments and systems.”
Educational Management is ,the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling the activities
of an institution by utilizing human and material resources so as to effectively and efficiently
accomplish functions of teaching, extension work and research.
Education is one instrument and only instrument to bring change in the society and it is through
managing the education process in general. The realization of the country’s aspirations involves changes
in the knowledge, skills, interests and the values of the people as a whole through the sound system of
education. This is possible only through Educational Management. -Kothari Education Commission
(1964-66)
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Objectives of the Educational

Management
1. Getting Maximum Results with Minimum Efforts - The main objective of management is
to secure maximum outputs with minimum efforts & resources. Management is basically
concerned with thinking and utilizing human, material and financial resources in such a
manner that would results in best combination.
2. Increasing the Efficiency of factors of Production - Through proper utilization of various
factors of production, their efficiency can be increased to a great extent which can be obtained
by reducing spoilage, wastages and breakage of all kinds, this in turn leads to saving of time,
effort and money which is essential for the growth & prosperity of the enterprise.
7

Management
3. Maximum Prosperity for Employer & Employees - Management ensures smooth and
coordinated functioning of the enterprise. This in turn helps in providing maximum benefits to
the employee in the shape of good working condition, suitable wage system, incentive plans
on the one hand and higher profits to the employer on the other hand.
4. Human betterment & Social Justice - Management serves as a tool for the upliftment as
well as betterment of the society. Through increased productivity and employment
management ensures better standards of living for the society. It provide justice through its
uniform policies.
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Objectives of the Educational Management

● To develop an understanding of the concept of educational management.
● To develop an understanding of role and functions of educational manager.
● To develop the awareness of the characteristics of quality institutions.
● To sensitize the students towards effective management of human and material
resources
● To develop an appreciation of the role of various administrative authorities in
maintaining quality of educational institutions.
● To improve planning, organizing and implementing and institution’s activities and
process
9

Management
● To help in appropriate utilization of its human resources i.e. teaching and non-
teaching staff and students.
● To enhance efficiency of institution i.e. attaining the goals with minimal cost and
time.
● To facilitate optimum utilization of infrastructural facilities (playground, building,
equipment's, library etc.
● To prevent duplication of work
● To enhance job satisfaction among staff members
● To create and maintain a congenial school and college climate
● To help staff and students to manage, their interpersonal conflicts and stress.
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Importance of Educational Management

1. Helpful in evaluating student achievement
2. It helps in communication and managing information
3. Building effective teams
4. It helps in curriculum making and managing co–curricular planning, time
table, discipline
5. It is helpful in motivating staff and students
6. Managing conflicts and stress
7. Helpful in healthy and conducive school climate
8. Helpful in organization of counselling and guidance
9. Helpful in maintaining school records and financing and budgeting
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Importance of Educational Management

10.It helps in Achieving Group Goals
11.Optimum Utilization of Resources
12.Reduces Costs
13.Establishes Sound Organization
14.Management fills up various positions with right persons, having right skills, training and
qualification
15.Establishes Equilibrium
16.Essentials for Prosperity of Society
17.Good management makes a difficult task easier by avoiding wastage of scarce resource
18.It improves standard of living: Standard of living of the any institution depends of the financial
condition. Because of the systematic work, it improves standard of living of the educational
institution.
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b) Principles of
Management by Henry
Fayol and Its Application to
Educational Management
13
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1. DIVISION OF WORK.
● The whole work should be divided into different parts. Each individual
should be assigned only one part of the work according to his ability and
taste. When a particular individual performs the same job repeatedly, he
will become an expert in doing that particular part of the whole job.
● Benefits:
Increase in the quality of work, in the speed of production, decrease in the
wastage of resources.
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2. AUTHORITY
● Right to give orders and the power to exact obedience.
● Responsibility: Being accountable, and is therefore naturally associated with
authority. Whoever assumes authority also assumes responsibility. People should
get sufficient authority to discharge his responsibility.
● Fayol, “The result of authority is responsibility. It is the natural result of authority
and essentially another aspect of authority and whenever authority is used,
responsibility are automatically born.”
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3. DISCIPLINE
● A successful organization requires the common effort of workers. Discipline is
essential for any successful work performance.
● Fayol: Discipline means obedience, respect for authority, and observance of
established rules. Penalties should be applied judiciously to encourage this
common effort.
● Discipline can be established:
By providing good supervision at all levels,
Clearly explaining the rules,
Implementing a system of reward and punishment.
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3. DISCIPLINE
● A successful organization requires the common effort of workers. Discipline is
essential for any successful work performance.
● Fayol: Discipline means obedience, respect for authority, and observance of
established rules. Penalties should be applied judiciously to encourage this
common effort.
● Discipline can be established:
By providing good supervision at all levels,
Clearly explaining the rules,
Implementing a system of reward and punishment.
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4. UNITY OF COMMAND
● Workers should receive orders from only one manager at a time and he should be
answerable
● only to that superior.
▪ Not sure of priority.
▪ Confused situation.
▪ Adversely affects the efficiency
▪ Ego problem creates a possibility of clash.
▪ Own efficiency is likely to be affected.
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5. UNITY OF DIRECTION
● The entire organization should be moving towards a common objective in a
common direction.
● Unity of direction means that:
 There should be one head for one plan for a group of activities having the same
objective.
 There should be one plan of action for a group of activities having the same
objective
 There should be only one manager at a time to give command to an employee.
 There should be only one manager exercising control over all the activities having
the same objective.
 There should be one manager to control them.
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5. UNITY OF DIRECTION
● The entire organization should be moving towards a common objective in a
common direction.
● Unity of direction means that:
 There should be one head for one plan for a group of activities having the same
objective.
 There should be one plan of action for a group of activities having the same
objective
 There should be only one manager at a time to give command to an employee.
 There should be only one manager exercising control over all the activities having
the same objective.
 There should be one manager to control them.
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6. SUBORDINATION OF INDIVIDUAL INTERESTS

TO THE GENERAL INTERESTS
● The interests of one person should not take priority over the interests of the
organization as a whole.
● This principle can be named “Priority to General Interest over Individual Interest.”
● The general interest or the interest of the organization is above everything.
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7. REMUNERATION
● Fayol feels that in order to motivate the employees, apart from general
remuneration, they should be given some monetary and non-monetary incentives.
● The employees and the owners find equal amount of satisfaction.
● It is the duty of the manager to ensure that employees are being paid remuneration
according to their work.
● They will not do their work with perfect dedication, honesty and capacity.
● The organization shall have to face failure.
● Many variables, such as cost of living, demand of labour and their ability supply
of qualified personnel, general, business conditions, and success of the, business,
should be considered in determining a workers rate of pay
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8. CENTRALIZATION
● Centralization: lowering the importance of the subordinate role. Decentralization
is increasing the importance. The degree differs from organization to organization.
● According to this principle, the superiors should adopt effective centralization
which means the superiors should keep the authority of taking important decisions
in their own hands, while the authority to take daily decisions and decisions of less
importance should be delegated to the Subordinates.
● The ratio of centralization and decentralization can differ in different Situations.
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9. SCALAR CHAIN: A FORMAL LINE OF

AUTHORITY
● It means each communication must move from top to bottom and vice versa in a
straight line.
● The important condition here is that no step (post) should be overlooked during
communication.
● Fayol has explained this principle with the help of a ladder.
● Due to more clear system of authority and communication, problems can be solved
faster.
● It is the exception of the principle of scalar chain. This concept was developed to
establish a direct contact with the employee of equal rank in case of emergency to
avoid delay in communication.
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10. ORDER
● For the sake of efficiency and coordination, all materials and people related to a
specific kind of work should be treated as equally as possible.
Principle of order:
● A right person should be placed at the right job and a right thing should be placed
at the right place.
● Every enterprise should have two different orders-Materials Order for Physical
Resources and Social Order for Human Resources.
● Everybody knows his workplace, what he is to do and from where he would get
his required material.
● All the available resources in the organization will be utilized properly.
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11. EQUITY
● All employees should be treated as equally as possible. The managers should treat
their
● subordinates in a just and kind manner to develop a feeling of dedication and
attachment for their work. All the employees should be treated impartially
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12. STABILITY OF TENURE OF PERSONNEL

● Retaining productive employees should always be a high priority of management.
● Recruitment and Selection Costs, as well as increased product-reject rates are
usually associated with hiring new workers
● There should be stability of tenure of the employees so that the work continues
efficiently.
● High rate of labour turnover will result in increased expenses because of selecting
them time and again, and giving them training afresh. It also lowers the prestige of
the organization and creates a feeling of insecurity among the employees which
keeps them busy in finding out new avenues of work. Consequently, the sense of
dedication cannot be created among them.
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13. INITIATIVE
● Management should take steps to encourage worker initiative, which is defined as
new or additional work activity undertaken through self direction. Initiative means
the capacity to work while expressing one‟s thoughts.
● According to Fayol, it is the duty of the manager to encourage the feeling of
initiative among his employees for doing some work or taking some decision but
within the limits of authority and discipline.
● The manager should welcome the thoughts of his/her subordinates. The
subordinates will present new and useful ideas time and again and gradually they
will become an integral part of the organization. In order to make this process a
success a manager will have to abandon his false sense of prestige.
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14. ESPIRIT DE CORPS

● Feelings of loyalty, enthusiasm, and devotion to a group among people who are
members of the group. Management should encourage harmony and general good
feelings among employees.
● A manager should continuously make efforts to develop a team spirit among the
subordinates.
● Use of word “We” during the conversation with subordinates.
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c) Concept of Systems
Thinking and Systems
Approach to Educational
management
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Concept of Systems Thinking

Systems thinking is the process of understanding how things, regarded as systems,
influence one another within a whole.
Systems thinking is a way of thinking about, and a language for describing and
understanding, the forces and interrelationships that shape the behavior of systems.
This discipline helps us to see how to change systems more effectively, and to act more
in tune with the natural processes of the natural and economic world.
 interdependency and change
 focus on whole not individual parts
 long-term goals vs. short-term benefits
 better appreciation of systems leads to more appropriate action
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Definitions of systems approach

● TWELKIER:
systems approach is a management tool that allows individuals to examine all aspects
of the organization, to inter-relate the effects of one set of decisions to another and to
optimally use all the resources at hand to solve the problem.
● KESHAV and MICHLEAN:
Systems approach is one of the techniques which aims in finding the most efficient and
economical intelligent methods for solving the problem of education scientifically.
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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
FEEDBACK
34
Subsystems of an Educational Institution:-

● 1. Technical Sub system:- includes task, activities, skills, techniques,
methodologies, strategies, knowledge etc. required to perform jobs. It regulates the
work behaviour of teacher.
● 2. Social Sub system:- It is the informal part of institution consist of individual
and their social interaction which includes status, group norms greatly influences
the behaviour of members of an institution.
● 3. Structural Sub system:- It implies the interrelationships among peoples
designed formally to accomplish coordination among them. It also includes
physical setting or the environment in which work has to be done.
● 4. Managerial Sub system:- Its function is to create and maintain co-ordination
among subsystems to achieve goals of the total system. Use processes like review,
control, direct and evaluation.
35
Subsystems of an Educational Institution:-

● 1. Technical Sub system:- includes task, activities, skills, techniques,
methodologies, strategies, knowledge etc. required to perform jobs. It regulates the
work behaviour of teacher.
● 2. Social Sub system:- It is the informal part of institution consist of individual
and their social interaction which includes status, group norms greatly influences
the behaviour of members of an institution.
● 3. Structural Sub system:- It implies the interrelationships among peoples
designed formally to accomplish coordination among them. It also includes
physical setting or the environment in which work has to be done.
● 4. Managerial Sub system:- Its function is to create and maintain co-ordination
among subsystems to achieve goals of the total system. Use processes like review,
control, direct and evaluation.
36
Systems Approach to Educational Management:-
Input:-
● Formulation of objectives and specifications of the topics
● Pre-assessment of entry behaviour of pupil's. This attempt is made to assess the
entry behaviour of initial performance of pupil's with the help of suitable criterion
test.
● Expected attitude and aptitude of pupils is to be considered.
● Planning of content to be taught and instructional material to be used. Cost factor
is to be taken in consideration. Inputs have to be considered in accordance with
their benefit and cost.
37
Process:-
a) Designing and Development of the system: - In the light of institutional objectives and pupils entry
behavior system is designed and developed. It may involve aspects.
● Deciding suitable teaching methods and strategies. Selection of appropriate media and material.
● Selection of appropriate evaluation procedures. For working of system, a scheme of
comprehensive program and timetable in relation to its parameters and stipulated objective is
formulated.
b) System operation:-This is the phase of actual operation or implementation of the individual system.
For achieving the designed instructional objectives the roles and functions of the elements i.e., teaching,
pupil and material resources are appropriately integrated or systemized
c) Evaluation of learning outcome:-In terms of stipulated instructional objectives the pupils

● attainment is evaluated on the basis of post-test scores. Evaluation is done in order to
● provide feedback for betterment of system.
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Systems Approach to Educational Management:-
Output:-
It refers to attainment of objectives and improvement of the system. It concerns with

system on the basis of feedback from evaluation. If the stipulated objectives are
achieved as per desired system then system is allowed to continue. And if the objective
are not achieved certain modifications in system need to be done. The system in this
case can be restructured and its
functions may be re-planned for betterment.
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Importance System Approach for Education:-

● Provides framework for planning, decision making control and problem solving
● Throws light on dynamic nature of management.
● Institution is viewed as an adaptive system, which adjusts as per environment
changes in order to survive.
● Provides a unified focus to institutional efforts.
● Helps to look at institution as a whole and not as parts.
● Helps the manager to identify the critical sub systems and their interaction with
each other.
● The practicing manager learns to see the phenomenon not in isolation but in its
relation to other phenomenon and elements because of constant interactions.
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Importance System Approach for Education:-

● Helps in improving institution
● Helps in bringing efficiency in school administration and management
● Helps in systematic educational planning
● Maximum utilization of resources
● Helps in improving examination and evaluation system
● Maintaining, controlling and improving the guidance services
● Designing, controlling and improving non-formal and adult education system
● In improving quality of education
● In improving the teacher training programs - in-service as well as pre-service.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY

MODULE 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF EDUCATIONAL

Unit 1: Concept of Educational Management

Management is the Art/Science of:-

Management as a process “consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and

Objectives of the Educational

Objectives of the Educational

Objectives of the Educational Management

Objectives of the Educational

Importance of Educational Management

Importance of Educational Management

6. SUBORDINATION OF INDIVIDUAL INTERESTS

9. SCALAR CHAIN: A FORMAL LINE OF

12. STABILITY OF TENURE OF PERSONNEL

14. ESPIRIT DE CORPS

Concept of Systems Thinking

Definitions of systems approach

Subsystems of an Educational Institution:-

Subsystems of an Educational Institution:-

Systems Approach to Educational Management:-

c) Evaluation of learning outcome:-In terms of stipulated instructional objectives the pupils

Systems Approach to Educational Management:-

It refers to attainment of objectives and improvement of the system. It concerns with

Importance System Approach for Education:-

Importance System Approach for Education:-

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