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we are group 6 will explain about tempering

TEMPERING
(pengurangan tegangan sisa)
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wahyu hadi_22101052042
ilham al awabin
Tempering is a heat treatment technique for metals and alloys. With steel,
tempering is carried out to harden by converting brittle martensite to bainite or
ferrite. In metallurgy, there is always a trade off between ductility and
brittleness. The tempering process must must be monitored continuously
because both the temperature and the tempering time greatly determine the
mechanical properties of the final product.
The higher the temperature, the lower the hardness and vice versa. The longer
the tempering process
The process begins with steel. While there are many different metals that can be
tempered, steel is valuable for its strength and resistance. Once you’ve selected
your grade and steel or another iron-based alloy, the process of tempering steel
begins with extreme heat
PROCESS OF TEMPERING
Tempering steel is a relatively simple process, one that begins by elevating the
metal to a set temperature point that’s below its lower critical temperature. This is
often done after a hardening operation. From here, the metal is held at the desired
temperature for some set period of time, which will vary – along with the precise
temperature number – depending on steel type, mechanical properties desired and
a few other factors.

There are a few different devices that might be used to create the heat needed to
raise the steel to just below its critical temperature. Gas furnaces, electrical
furnaces, or even induction furnaces may be used for this purpose, which is often
completed inside a vacuum or with an inert gas so as to protect from oxidization
taking place. After the temperature is at the proper level, a dwell time takes place,
after which the furnace is turned off and the steel cools.
 USES OF TEMPERING
There are a few common applications and uses of tempered steel processes:
Quenching: The most common use of tempered steel is following a quenching operation. Normally, this
quenching process can leave steel too hard and brittle for the desired effect due to the way it’s heated.
Tempering improves the ductility that may have been lost here and stops the steel from being too brittle
.
Welding: During some welding processes, a localized zone I created that’s hardened too far due to the heat
applied to it. This leaves residual stress and may lead to hydrogen cracking, but tempering can prevent any of
this from happening while reducing overall hardness.

Work-hardened materials: Punching, bending, forming, rolling or drilling processes generally come with
high amounts of residual stress. Tempering alleviates much of this stress.