Engineering Mechanics – 20MECH01P Timetable

week Gr. A Gr. B Main Subject Lecture Topics Tutorials

Saturday Monday
1 17/10 19/10 Statics Force Vectors -1 Introduction
2 24/10 26/10 Statics Force Vectors -2 Force vectors - 2D
3 31/10 2/11 Statics Particle Equilibrium Force vectors - 3D
4 7/11 9/11 Statics Moments and Couples Particle Equilibrium
5 14/11 16/11 Statics Force Couple Resultant Moments and Couples
6 21/11 23/11 Kinematics Rectilinear Motion Force Couple
Resultant
7 28/11 30/11 Kinematics Projectile Motion Rectilinear
8 5/12 7/12 Kinematics Curvilinear Motion Projectiles/ second
McGraw assignment
9 12/12 14/12 Kinetics Force Acceleration Methods Curvilinear
10 19/12 21/12 Kinetics Work Energy Methods / mid-term exam Force-Acceleration
11 26/12 1/1/21 Kinetics Impulse Momentum Methods Work-Energy
12 2/1/21 11/1/21 Kinetics Revision for missed lectures Impulse-Momentum
I Statics MECHANICS
MECHANICS Dynamics II

1 Force Vectors Kinematics

Rectilinear 1
2 Particle Motion
Equilibrium Projectile 2
Motion
3 Moments and Curvilinear
Couples 3
Motion
4 Force-Couple
Resultants Kinetics Methods
Force 1
Acceleration
Work 2
Energy
Impulse 3
Moment
Kinematics - 1
RECTILINEAR MOTION
Lecture Contents

1 Rectilinear Motion

2 Kinematic of Linear Motion

3
Newton’s Equations of Motion for
Constant Acceleration
Seeing, contrary to popular wisdom, isn’t believing. It’s where
belief stops, because it isn’t needed any more.
Terry Pratchett
Rectilinear Motion is …
Motion along a straight line
Direction is constant
Sense and magnitude varies
Coordinates


v = -v uˆ
-uˆ û
-s +s

v = v uˆ

Since all objects are moving along parallel lines their direction never changes
The direction units of all the vectors describing the system are equal and constant.
To simplify work, we will neglect the direction components of the vectors involved and deal only with its
scalar aspects (magnitude and sense)
Kinematic of Linear (Rectilinear) Motion
Lengths
Velocity
Acceleration
 Lengths

1 Position Vector

2 Displacement Vector

3 Distance Covered
Let us assume that an object moved from an initial position A to position B, then it moved from B to a
final position C

home
Initial position

B A

-x O +x
-x B -x C xA

final position
1- Lengths - Position Vector
The position vector, also known as the location vector or the radius vector, is a vector that represents the
position of a point along the line of motion in relation to an arbitrary reference origin O.

-x -x B final position -x C O Initial position x A +x

rA/O =rA =x A
rB/O =rB =-x B Sense: positive
Sense: negative

rC/O =rC =-x C

Sense: negative

Position vector can assume negative or positive values

SI units for position vectors: meters (m)
2- Lengths - Displacement Vector
Displacement is a vector whose length is the shortest distance from an initial position to a final position . 
dis pla ce me nt = fina l pos ition - initia l pos ition

-x -x B final position -x C O Initial position x A +x

d=rC -rA =-x C -x A

Sense: negative

The displacement can assume negative or positive values

SI units for displacement is meters (m)
3- Lengths - Distance Traveled
The total distance covered by the object as it moves from the initial position to the final position.

final position Initial position

-x -x B -x C O xA +x

DB/A = rB -rA = -x B -x A

DC/B = rC -rB = -x C -x B

d=rC -rA =-x C -x A

The distance from A to B: DB/A = rB -rA = -x B -x A

The distance from B to C: DC/B = rC -rB = -x C -x B

The total distance traveled: D =  DB/A +DC/B  m

Distance is a positive scalar quantity.
Distance is greater than or equal to the displacement.
Summary final position Initial position

rB =  x B = -8m

rC =  x C = -2m
rA = x A =5m

-x x B =-8m B x C =-2m C O x A =5m A

+x
s AB & d AB
s BC & d BC
d AC

Position vectors Distance Displacement

xA 5
xB -8 From A to B s AB = rB -rA = -8-5 =13 From A to B
d AB =rB -rA = -8-5=-13
xC -2 From B to C s BC = rC -rB = -2+8 =6 From B to C d BC =rC -rB =-2+8=6
total s =13+6=19m total d AC =rC -rA =-2-5= -7m
Questions
1- When will the distance be equal to the displacement?
2- Can we treat the position vector as a displacement vector?
Velocity Vector – Rectilinear Motion
1- Velocity is a physical VECTOR QUANTITY that refers to "the rate (magnitude and direction) at which an
object changes its position, i.e. 
 dr
v= m/s
dt

 v

2- The velocity vector of the particle is tangent to the path

3- Since direction is constant, we drop the vector notation and deal with its scalar aspect, (magnitude and
sense)
4- The magnitude of the velocity vector is called SPEED.

5- SI units of speed m/s

Acceleration Vector – Rectilinear Motion
1- Acceleration is a VECTOR QUANTITY that refers to "the rate (magnitude and direction) at which an
object changes its velocity, i.e.  
 dv d 2 r
a = = 2 m/s 2
dt dt  a
2- The acceleration vector of the particle is tangent to the path

3- Since direction is constant, we drop the vector notation and deal with its scalar aspect, (magnitude and
sense)
4- The magnitude of the acceleration vector is called acceleration

5- If the acceleration and the velocity are of opposite signs, then the acceleration is called a DECELERATION

-v a -a -v
-s +s

-a v v a
-s +s

6- SI units of acceleration m/s2

Understanding the motion

-v a=0
direction of motion
velocity is constant (Newton’s 1st law)
a=0 v direction of motion

v=0 a direction of motion

a v direction of motion
speed will increase (Newton’s second law)
a v=0 direction of motion

-a -v
direction of motion

-v a direction of motion
speed will decrease (Newton’s second law)
-a v
direction of motion
Traffic Knowledge

Please drive safely so you could attend and enjoy your mechanics lecture
Example-1
A particle P moves along a straight line and its position is given by x = 18t 2-8t-15. Calculate;
(a) The times when the velocity is zero,
(b) The times when the acceleration is zero
(c) The net displacement of the particle during the first 4 seconds
(d) The distance covered by the particle during the first 4 seconds
Solution
(a) The times when the velocity is zero, (b) The times when the acceleration is (c) The net displacement of the particle
2 zero during the first 4 seconds
 x =18 t −8 t −15
dx v=36t -8=0
 
v= =36 t −8 dv ) 
dt a= =36
dt d  =24 1−(−15) =256 m  
v=36t -8=0 The acceleration is constant

t= 0.22 s

(d) The distance covered by the particle during the first 4 seconds

times Position vectors

x  ( t )=18 t2 − 8 t −15 distance covered displacement

0
x(
  t =0)=−15
0.22
x(
  t =0.22)=−15.9 D1= x  0.22  -x  0  = -15.9+15 =0.9m d1=x  0.22  -x  0  =-15.9+15= -0.9m
4
 x ( t =4)= 2 41 D2= x  4  -x  0.22  = 241+15.9 = 256.9m d2=x  4  -x  0.22  =241+15.9= 256.9m
sums
D=257.8
  𝑚 d
  =256 𝑚
Example-2
A particle P moves along a straight line and its position is given by x=2t 3-4t2+3. Calculate;
(a) The times when the velocity is zero,
(b) The times when the acceleration is zero
(c) The net displacement of the particle during the first 2 seconds
(d) The distance covered by the particle during the first 2 seconds
Solution
(a) The times when the velocity is zero, (b) The times when the acceleration (c) The net displacement of the
is zero particle during the first 2
 x =2 t 3 − 4 t 2+3  v =6 t 2 − 8 t
seconds
  dx dv
v= =6 t 2 −8 t a= =12t-8  )
dt dt
v  = 6 t 2 − 8t  =   t (6 t−8) =0 a=12t-8=0 d  =3−(3 ) =0  
t= 0 & t= 1.33 t=0.66

(d) The distance covered by the particle during the first 2 seconds

time Position vectors

3 2
x
  =2 t − 4 t +3 distance covered displacement
0 x  t=0  =3
0.66
x  t=0.66  =1.815 D1= x  t=0.66  -x  t=0  = 1.815-3 =1.185 d1=x  t=0.66  -x  t=0  =1.815-3= -1.185
1.33
x  t=1.33 =0.66 D2= x  t=1.33 -x  t=0.66  = 0.66 -1.815 =1.155 d2=x  t=1.33 -x  t=0.66  =0.66 -1.815=  1.155
2
x  t=2  =3 D3= x  t=2  -x  t=1.33 = 3- 0.66 = 2.34 d3=x  t=2  -x  t=1.33  3- 0.66= 2.34
sums
D=4.68
  d0
Problems
1- A particle P moves along a straight line and its position is given by x=t3-6t2—36t-40. Calculate;
(a) The times when the velocity and the acceleration are zero,
(b) The net displacement from t=0 to t=1 s.
(c) The distance covered during the first second.

2- A particle P moves along a straight line and its position is given by x=6t3-4t2—15t +40. Calculate;
(a) The times when the velocity and the acceleration are zero,
(b) The net displacement from t=0 to t=4 s.
(c) The distance covered during the first four seconds

3- A particle P moves along a straight line and its position is given by x=6t3-4t2+15t+40. Calculate;
(a) The times when the velocity and the acceleration are zero,
(b) The net displacement from t=0 to t=6 s

4- The vertical motion of a mass A is defined by the relation y=10sin2t+15cos2t+100. Determine;

(a) the velocity and acceleration of mass A when t=1 s.
(b) The maximum velocity.
(c) The maximum acceleration.
Newton’s Equations of Motion
The Case of Constant Acceleration

A man may imagine things that are false,

but he can only understand things that are true,
for if the things be false, the apprehension of them is not understanding
Sir Isaac Newton
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
(Law of Acceleration)

If the forces acting on If the forces acting on

the object are constant the object are function
during the entire If the forces acting on of position during the If the forces acting on
motion the object are function entire motion the object are function
of time during the of velocity during the
F  ma entire motion
F  r   ma
entire motion

F  t   ma F  v   ma
F F r
a   ac a= = a  r F v
m F t m a= = a  v
a= =a  t m
m
 Initial position final position
ac

x A  do vo  u xB  d vB = v
O
-x +x
tA  0 tB  t

The first equation (velocity and time)

v t
dv v t
=a c  dv=a c  dt v u  ac t 0 v-u=a C  t-0  v=u+a C t
dt u 0

The second equation (position (displacement) and time)

t
dx dx d t d t2 aC 2
 ut  a c
dt
=v
dt
=u+a c t  dx    u+a c t  dt
do 0
xd
o
2 0
d=d o + ut+
2
t

The third equation (velocity and position (displacement))

v d v
dv dv dx dv v2

vdv  a c dx 
d
=a c =a c v =a c  ac x d
dt dx dt dx u do 2 u
o

v 2  u 2  2a c  d  d o 
 Initial position final position
ac

x A  do vo  u xB  d vB = v
O
-x +x
tA  0 tB  t

aC 2
v=u+a C t d=d o + ut+ t v 2  u 2  2a c  d  d o 
2
where
1- u is the initial velocity it can either be +ve , –ve or zero.
2- do is the initial position it can either be +ve , –ve or zero.
3- The initial time and position are zero.

4- ac is the constant acceleration, it can either be +ve , –ve or zero.

5- v is the velocity of the particle at the final position. It can either be +ve /–ve or zero.
6- (d-do )is the displacement from the origin (initial) position to the final position. It can be +ve , -ve or zero

7- t is the time it takes the particle to travel from the initial to the final position
Example 3

A high speed train has a top speed of 100 m/s. It’s acceleration and deceleration are
2m/s2. Determine the minimum time required for a rectilinear trip of 100 km.

Education is what remains after one has forgotten everything he learned in school.
Albert Einstein
Solution

first phase A
 
middle phase B  last phase C 
O Accelerated motion uniform motion decelerated motion 100,000
x

u=0 v A =100m/s

a c =2 m/s 2

u= v A =100 v B =100m/s

ac = 0

u=v B =100 vC  0

a c =2 m/s 2
 first phase A
 
middle phase B  last phase C 
uniform motion decelerated motion 100,000
O Accelerated motion
x

u=0 v A =100m/s

a c =2 m/s 2

1- The time it takes the train to reach A

v=u+a C t v=u+a C t
100=0+2t
t=t OA =50s v 2  u 2  2a c  d  d o 
2- The distance x=OA
aC 2 aC 2
d=d o +ut+ t d=d o + ut+ t
2 2
2
x OA = 0  0+  50 
2

2
x OA =2500 m
 first phase A
 
middle phase B  last phase C  

O Accelerated motion uniform motion decelerated motion 100,000

x
u=v B =100 vC  0

a c =2 m/s 2

1- The time it takes the train to reach C from B

v=u+a C t
0 =100-2t v=u+a C t
t=t BC =50s
v 2  u 2  2a c  d  d o 
2- The distance x= BC
aC 2 aC 2
d=d o +ut+ t
2 d=d o + ut+ t
2 2
x BC = 0  100  50  -  50 
2

2
x BC =2500 m
 first phase A
 
middle phase B  last phase C 
O Accelerated motion decelerated motion 100,000
uniform motion
x
u= v A =100 v B =100m/s

ac = 0
1- The distance AB v=u+a C t
OA+AB+BC=100000
50+AB+50=100000
v 2  u 2  2a c  d  d o 
AB=95000 m aC 2
d=d o + ut+ t
2- The time it takes the train to travel from A to B 2
aC 2
d=d o + ut+ t
2
x AB =0+100t AB  0
95000=100t AB
t AB = 950

Total trip time t=50+50+950 =1050s

Example 4
Cars A and B are traveling in adjacent highway lanes and at t=0 have positions and speeds shown. Knowing
that car A has a constant acceleration of 0.6m/s 2 and that B has a constant deceleration of 0.4 m/s2,
determine
a- when and where A will meet B,
b- the speed of each car when they meet.

a B =0.4 m/s 2
u B  23km / hr B

a A =0.6 m/s 2
A
u A  15km / hr

25m

 1000   1000 
u A =15   =4.16 m/s u B =23   =6.38 m/s
 3600   3600 
Solution
-x 0 xA 25 m +x
a B =0.4 m/s 2
a A =0.6 m/s 2 vB u B =-6.38 m/s

u A =4.16 m/s x B    25  x A 
xA vA

At the meeting point tA=tB=t

  aC 2   aC 2
d = d o + ut + t d = d o + ut + t
2 0.6 0.4
2
 
x A =0+   4.16 t +
2
t ❑ ... ( 1 )  x 𝐴 =25 −6.38 t + 2
2 t❑ … ( 2 )
2

solve to get x A =11.266 m x B =13.73 m t=2.32s

b- the speed of each car when they meet. v=u+a C t

v 2  u 2  2a c  d  d o 
a
d=d o + ut+ C t 2
2
Example-5
A particle in rectilinear motion with an initial velocity of 30 m/s to the right decelerates at the constant
rate of 7 m/s2 until it has a velocity of 10 m/s to the left. Determine
(a) the elapsed time,
(b) the total distance traveled by the particle
(c) the displacement, and
(d) will the particle pass by the initial position?

Motion Description
O s1 s2
-s +s

a=7m/s2 A u=30m/s a=7m/s2 B v1=0

a=7m/s2 C v2=10m/s

-s +s
O
Solution

O xB xA
-x +x
a=7m/s 2

O u=30m/s
A vA=0
vB=10m/s B

(a) the elapsed time, (time from O to B) v=u+a C t

v=u+a C t
-10=30+  -7  t v 2  u 2  2a c  d  d o 
t =t C  5.714s aC 2
d=d o + ut+ t
(b) the total distance traveled by the particle 2
Distance OA v 2  u 2  2a c  d  d o  0  302  2  7  x A x A  64.286m
v 2  u 2  2a c  d  d o   10   302  2  7  x B
2
Distance OB x B  57.14
Total Distance s  2x A  x B  2  64.29   57.14  71.433m

(c) the displacement,

displacement = final position – initial position d  x B  0  57.14 m
Example 6
The block B is suspended from a cable that is attached to the block at E, wraps around three pulleys and is
tied to the back of the truck. If the truck starts from rest when x is zero, and moves forward with a constant
acceleration of 2 m/s2, determine the speed of the block at the instant x=3 m. Neglect the size of the
pulleys, and when x=y=0 so that points C and D are at the same elevation

x
A

5m C
E

y B
2 m/s 2
D
C
E
Solution
The total length of the rope is x
L  3  5  y   constant = K
A
L  25  x 2
25  x 2  3  5  y   K 5m L 5m
C
3y  25  x  15  K
2
E
y 2 m/s 2
Differentiating both sides with respect to time B
xx
y  D
3 25  x 2

To determine the velocity of the truck when x=3 m

the truck starts from rest when x is zero, and moves forward
with a constant acceleration of 2 m/s2, thus v=u+a C t
v 2  u 2  2a c d
 2  0  2  2   3   12
x
v 2  u 2  2a c  d  d o 
x =3.43 m/s aC 2
d=d o + ut+ t
Hence the velocity of the block is 2
3  3.43
y   0.588m/s
3 25  3 2
Example-7
Block C starts from rest and moves down with a constant acceleration. Knowing that after block A has
moved 0.45 m its velocity is 0.18 m/s, determine
(a) the acceleration of blocks A and C,
(b) the change in position of block B after 2.5 seconds.

A
Solution
Kinematics
The length of the green cable, The length of the brown cable,
L constant
LG  y A   y A  y B  h   2y A  y B  h L B  2y B  L  y C

Differentiating with respect to time, yB Differentiating with respect to time,

yC
0  2y A  y B  0 0  0  2y B  0  y C
yA h constant
y B  2y A B y C  2y B

Differentiating once again, C

Differentiating once again,
yA  yB  h
y B  2y
 A y C  2y
 B

thus
y C  2y
 B  4y
 A

Since the acceleration of block C is constant, then the accelerations of A and B are also constant
We can apply Newton’s equations of motion for constant acceleration
(a) the acceleration of blocks A, B and C,
y B  2y
 A L
For block A
v 2  u 2  2a c  d  d o  y C  2y
 B yB
yC
 A  0.45 
0.182  0  2y
yA
y A = 0.036 m/s 2 B h

For B and C, yA  yB  h C
 A = 0.072 m/s 2
y B =2y

 B =  0.144 m/s 2
y C = -2y
A
(b) the change in position of block B after 2.5 seconds.
a
d=d o + ut+ C t 2
2 v=u+a C t
a
d -d o = ut+ C t 2
2 v 2  u 2  2a c  d  d o 
0.072
d - d o = 0 + 0  2.5  +
2
 2.52  aC 2
d=d o + ut+ t
2
d -d o =Δy B = 0.225 m
Problems
1- A ship starts from rest and after traveling along a straight path a distance 20 m reaches a speed of 8 m/s.
Determine its acceleration if it is constant. Also, how long does it take to reach the speed of 8 m/s
2- A sprinter in a 400 m race accelerates until the first 130 m and then runs with a constant velocity. If the
sprinter travels the first 130 m in 25 s, determine the acceleration and his final velocity, and his time for
the race
3- A car can have an acceleration and a deceleration of 5 m/s2. If it starts from rest and can have a max
speed of 60 m/s, determine the shortest time it can travel a distance of 1200m when it stops.
4- The elevator starts from rest at the first floor of the building. It can accelerate at 1.5m/s2 and then
decelerate at 0.6m/s2. Determine the shortest time it takes to reach a floor 12 m above the ground.
The elevator starts from rest and stops.
5- A particle begins at rest at x=0 and experiences constant acceleration to the right for 10 s. It then
continues at constant velocity for 8 more seconds. In the third phase of its motion, it decelerates at 5 m/s 2
and is observed to be passing again through the origin when the total time of travel equals 28 s. Determine
the acceleration in the first 10 s.

6- A car traveling at 17 m/s on a straight road. The driver applies his brakes for 6s producing a constant
deceleration of 1.5 m/s2, and then immediately accelerates at 0.6 m/s2. How long does it take for the car to
return to its original velocity?
7- An elevator is moving upward at a constant speed of 4m/s. A man standing 3m/s
10m above the top of the elevator throws a ball upward with a speed of 3m/s.
Determine
1- When will the ball hit the elevator
2- Where will the ball hit the elevator with respect to the location of the man

8- A small package is released from rest at A and moves along the skate wheel
conveyer ABCD. The package has uniform acceleration of 4.8m/s2 as it moves down
sections AB and CD, and its velocity is constant between B and C. If the velocity of 10m
the package at D is 7.2m/s, determine
1- the distance d between C and D 4m/s
2- the time required for the package to reach D.
A
3m

B C
3m

d D
9- The block B is suspended from a cable
that wraps around a pulley and is tied to the
back of the truck. The truck moves forward
with a constant velocity of 0.3 m/s.
Determine the velocity and acceleration of 6m
the block when the car is 3m away from the
v=0.3 m/s
block.

3m

10- Slider block B moves to the right with a constant velocity of 0.3 m/s. Determine the velocity and
acceleration of block A