Ribozyme Technology

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
HISTORY
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF RNA MOLECULES
TYPES OF RIBOZYMES

 RNAs P
 Hammer Head Ribozymes
 Group I Intron
 Group II Intron
 Peptidal Transfarese

CONCLUSION
REFERANCES
 INTRODUCTION

 A Ribozyme (Ribonucleic acid enzyme) is an RNA molecule that is capable of

performance specific biochemical sections. Similar to the action of protein
enzymes.

 Ribozyme are small RNA molecules, which promote the catalytic cleavaye of
RNA for providing virus resistance, ribozyme in the form of antisense RNAs
capable of cleaving the target viral RNAs have been developed.

 The ribozymes (antisence RNA) binds to a small sequence of viral RNA and
splits.
 DEFINATION
“ A ribozyme (Ribonucleic acid enzyme) is an RNA molecule that is
capable of performance specific biochemical reaction similar to
the action of protein enzymes”

HISTORY
 1967 - Carl Woese , Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel were the first to
suggest that RNA could act as a catalyst.

 1980 - Thomas R. Coch and Sidney Altman has discovered Ribozymes.

 1982 - Ribozyme term by introduced by Kelly Kringer at all in a paper

published in the cell.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF RNA
MOLECULES :-
 An enzyme that uses as a substrates.
 An RNA with enzymetic activity.
 An enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers during DNA replication.
 An enzyme that synthesizes RNA as part of the transcription process.

TYPES OF RIBOZYMES :-
1) RNAs P
2) HAMMER HEAD RIBOZYMES.
3) GROUP I INTRON.
4) GROUP II INTRON.
5) PEPTIDAL TRANSFARESE.
 (1) RNAs P
 One of the first ribozymes to be discovered was RNase P.

 RNase p is a ribonuclease that is involved in generating tRNA molecules

from larger precursor RNAs.

 RNase P is composed of both RNA and protein.

 The RNA moiety alone is the catalyst. The protein moiety of RNase p
facilitates the reaction by shielding the negative charges on the RNA. So
that it can bind effectively to its negatively charged substrate.

 The RNA moiety is able to catalyze. Cleavage of the tRNA precursor in the
absence of the protein.
Mechanisms :-
(2) HAMMER HEAD RIBOZYMES

 The Hammerhead is a sequence- specific ribonuclease that is found in certain

infectious RNA agents of plants known as viroids which depend on self-cleavage
to propagate.

 When the viroid replicates, if produces multiple copies of itself in one continuous
RNA chain.

 One such self-cleaving sequence is called the hammerhead because of the

shape of its secondary structure, which consists of three base- paired stems (I,
II,III,) surrounding a core of non-complementary nucleotides required for
catalysis.
 (3) Group I Intron
 Group I Intron ribozyme constitute one of the main classes of ribozymes.

 Found in bacteria , lower eukaryotic and higher plants.

MECHANISM
 The group I intron splicing reaction required a guanine residue co-factor. The 3’ OH group
of guanosine is used as a nucleophile.
 (4) GROUP II INTRON
 Group II inton have been found in bacteria and in the mitochondria and chloroplast
genome of fungi, plants, protists, and an annelid worm.

MECHANISMS
 The 2’ OH of a specific adenosine acts as a nucleophile and attacks the 5’ splice site
creating a branched intron structure.

 The 3’ OH of the 5’ exon attacks the 3’ splice site, ligating the exons and releasing
the intron as a lcuiat structure.
(5) PEPTIDAL TRANSFARESE
 Peptidyl transfarese is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of amino acid, Residue in
order to grow polypeptide chain in protein synthesis.

 Peptidyl transfarese activity is carried out by the ribosome. Peptidyl transfarese.

Activity is not mediated by any ribosomal proteins but by ribosomal RNA (rRNA) a
ribozyme.

 Peptidyl transfarese look like hairpin structure. Hairpin ribozyme are found in satellites
RNA of pathogenic plants viruse.

 Require mg2+ , Ca2+ metal ions.

 Function in both cis and trans introns.

 CONCLUSION
Ribozymes (Ribonucleic acid enzymes) is an RNA molecules that is capable at
performance specific biochemical reactions, similar to the action of protein enzymes
Ribozymes are small RNA molecules which promotes the catalytes cleavage of RNA
for providing virus resistance catalytic antibodies are antibodies that can enhance a
coupte of chemical and metabolic reaction in the living organisms.
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'Edition." (1998), Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.
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Molecular Biology of the Gene, 6th Edition, Benjamin Cummings Publishing
Company Inc, 2007.
TA Brown - Genomes 2nd Edition; Bios Scientific Publishers 2002 Harvey
Lodish, Arnold Berk, Chris A. Kaiser, Monty Krieger, Matthew P. Scott,
Anthony Bretscher, Hidde Ploegh and Paul Matsudaira - Molecular Cell
Biology, 6h Edition; WH Freeman 2008
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