Unit 4-Lesson 12-Interpreting and Preparing Visuals

Warm Up Activity
• Make a humorous pie chart meme. Choose
any funny or light topic for your chart.
• Share your pie chart meme with your
classmates.
Legend:
 Self-audit
Tell how often you practice the following statements
(Usually, Sometimes, Seldom, Never).
1. I know how charts, tables and graphs differ.
2. I use a certain visual to highlight an aspect of my data.
3. I correctly analyze and interpret data in charts.
4. I use appropriate visual in presenting data or
information.
5. I follow a particular flow of ideas when interpreting
tables and graphs.
6. I show the relationship and trends in the data
when preparing a visual.
7. I use the legend and the title to glean
information from a visual.
8. The visuals I make are self-explanatory.
9. I am aware that visuals can be used for different
purposes.
10. I use different visuals for different types of data.
 Preparing and Interpreting Tables, Graphs
and Figures
• Visuals can be classified into six groups,
namely:
1) Graphs
2) Tables
3) Diagrams
4) Charts
5) Visual images, and
6) Maps.
 General Steps in Interpreting Visuals

1. Read the title and the subtitle.

2. Read the captions, keys and labels.
3. Determine the purpose of the material.
4. Identify the organization of the information.
5. Analyze the relationship of details such as
changes and trends.
6. Make a conclusion about the data, if
necessary.
General Guidelines for Adding Visuals to your
Text
1. Determine the purpose of the visual.
2. Evaluate the accuracy and validity of the data.
3. Visuals should be accompanied by clear
references within your text.
4. Visuals should be placed on the same page as
the text reference. Complex visuals should be
placed on the page opposite the text
reference.
5. Preferably, position the visual vertically.
6. Make your visual as simple and self-
explanatory as possible by adding data labels.
7. If the visuals are colored, go for basic
contrasting colors which are easy on the eyes;
as much as possible avoid adding patterns and
textures, as well as neon colors.
 Charts
• A chart is a graphical representation of data
using symbols that are usually boxes, lines,
and arrows. Its general purpose is to show
ranks, levels, procedures, and classifications.
 Strategies in Reading a Chart
1. Study each step or grouping presented in the
chart.
2. Pay attention to the arrows or lines that indicate
the flow, relationship, steps, and sequence.
3. To ensure you understood the chart, summarize
each step or component in your own words and
make your own chart in your own mind.
4. Compare your mental chart with the description
in the text to check how accurate you are.
 Two (2) Common Charts
1. Organizational chart-presents rankings, classifications, and levels of
ideas.
Sample:
President
!
VP for Mktg. VP for Production VP for Sales
! ! !
Manager Manager Manager
! ! !
Manager Manager Manager
!
Manager
2. Flow chart-illustrates a process or direction of steps.
Sample:
START OF PROCESS
!
Step 1
!
Step 2
!
Step 3
!
IS OUTPUT CORRECT?
!
End of Process
 Strategies in Preparing a Flow Chart
1. Present only the capsule version of the whole process.
2. Limit the number of shapes to avoid confusion. Note that each
shape has a corresponding meaning. The most basic shapes
include:
• Rectangle-used to refer to an event which is part of the process;
used for steps or actions taken.
• Diamond-used to show a decision point in the process; the text
inside the diamond requires a “yes” or “no” answer. From there it
will branch to different parts for a “yes” or “no” answer.
• Rounded box-used to represent an event which occurs
automatically; used to denote the start and end of the whole
process.
 Strategies in Preparing a Flow Chart
(cont’d.)
3. Provide a legend when necessary.
4. Sequence the data from left to right or top to
bottom.
5. You can be creative in designing the flow chart
but do not make it too complicated and
distracting.
 Tables
• A table is useful in displaying numbers in columns. It
condenses and classifies information to make
comparisons between and among data and helps the
readers grasp relationships that might be invisible in
prose.
• It contains at least two columns with headings on the
sides and at the top of the columns to indicate what
the table represents.
• The heading on the top is called boxhead, while the
heading at the far left column is called a stub.
 Strategies in Reading a Table
1. Read the title of the table.
2. Check whether the information is updated or
obsolete.
3. Check the source of the information.
4. Study the headings and their relationships.
5. Read the details with the headings in mind.
6. Compare and contrast the different columns.
 Strategies in Preparing a Table
1. Informal or simple tables need not have table
numbers and titles since they function as an
extension of the text. They should not be
included in the list of illustrations, although
they require column heading.
2. Formal tables, which contain complex data,
should contain titles, table numbers,and
detailed headings. They are separated from the
text and are included in the list of illustrations.
Strategies in Preparing a Table (cont’d.)
3. Use plenty of white spaces within and around the text.
4. Use concise and clear headings for all the columns and
rows.
5. Assign a title number to each formal table.
6. Use abbreviations and symbols when necessary. But
special symbols and abbreviations must be clarified in
a legend or footnote.
7. Write the source of the table when necessary.
8. Use uppercase and lowercase instead of full caps.
 Graphs
• A graph is a graphical representation of data
using bars for bar graphs, lines for line graphs,
circles for pie charts, and pictures for
pictographs.
• Each type of graph has a specific function and
purpose.
• A bar graph uses vertical and horizontal bars
that compare amounts and quantities.
 Strategies in Reading a Bar Graph
1. Read the title, caption, and source note.
2. Determine the purpose of the graph.
3. Look at the dates mentioned, if there are any.
4. Identify what is being compared. Is it an amount
or quantity?
5. If the data changes over time, determine the time
span and the amount of change.
6. If products, services, and other items are being
compared, look carefully at their names.
 Strategies in Preparing a Bar Graph
1. Limit the number of bars because too manyu bars may
create confusion and complicate the data.
2. Show the comparisons clearly.
3. Keep the bar widths consistent.
4. It is ideal to use spaces between bars. However if
comparisons are too close or too many, spaces between bars
may be deleted.
5. Arrange the bars based on sequence (by year to show
trends) or by ascending/descending order (to show direct
comparison).
6. Use legends as much as possible.
• A line graph shows trends and changes in data. Usually, the
bottom grid scale represents time.
• Ex. Line graphs showing Voting Preferences for Vice-President in
the survey conducted December 2009 to March 2010.
• Roxas -42% Note:
• Legarda- 25% Time of Survey:
• Binay- 21% - Dec. 5-10, 2009
• Fernando-3% - Jan. 21-24, 2010
• Manzano-3% - Feb. 24-28, 2010
• Yasay-1% - Mar 19-22, 2010
• Chipeco and Sonza
VOTING PREFERENCES FOR VICE PRESIDENT,
DEC 2009-MAR 2010
100
90
80
70
60 Roxas
50 Binay
Legarda
40
Fernando
30
20
10
0
Dec 5-10 Jan 21-24 Feb 24-28 Mar 19-22
Strategies in Reading a Line Graph
1. Read the title, caption, and source note.
2. Determine the purpose of the graph.
3. Read the horizontal axis.
4. Determine the kind of time intervals.
5. Read the verbal axis and identify what is
being measured.
6. Trace the jagged line that connects each
point and determine the changes over time.
 Strategies in Preparing a Line Graph

1. Plot the data very carefully.

2. Use different line colors for line graphs using
multiple lines.
3. Make the chart lines thicker than the axis
lines.
4. Do not put the numbers on the line graph
itself.
• A circle graph (or pie graph), which uses pie-
shaped sections, shows the relationship of the
parts to the whole in percentages and
proportions.
Distribution of Education Expenditure Philippines 2003

Education fees 70.4%

Allowance 17.0%
Books 4,5%
School Supplies 7.2%
Others 1.0%
 Strategies in Reading a Circle Graph

1. Read the title and the captions carefully.

2. Note the number and labels of pie sections of
the graph.
3. Check if there is any “legend” section and
study it.
4. Identify the shares, quantity, and percentage
of each section. Identify which sections have
the smallest and largest percentages.
 Strategies in Preparing a Circle Graph
1. Use no more than seven divisions.
2. Move clockwise from 12:00. Start with the largest wedge
going to the smallest. However, “others” or miscellaneous
items must be placed last no matter how large they cover.
3. Use circle graph for percentages and money especially
when the items they represent are divisible by 100.
4. Make the circle graph as simple as possible.
5. Label each component.
6. If you want to show a subdivision of a particular wedge in
a circle graph, use a “pie within a pie” technique.
Context in which the word "bar" is used

as in chocolate
as in pub
as in chart
as in a line
as in wood or metal
 Checking for Understanding
• Write T if the statement is true and F if false.
1. Diagrams are text representations of information.
2. A bar graph is used to see patterns and trends in
data.
3. A legend is used in some diagrams to show
different but related data.
4. A circle graph is also known as a pie graph.
5. The heading on top of a table is called a boxheart.
6. Informal tables do not need to have a title anymore.
7. The bottom grid scale in a line graph usually denotes
the amount of money.
8. A chart is a graphical representation of data using
symbols which are usually boxes, lines, bows, and
arrows.
9. Visuals do not contribute new knowledge to the
material, and can therefore be skipped.
10. A visual has to be self-explanatory, so paragraph
discussions after the visual are optional.
 Let’s Practice
I. Look at the tables below. Provide three to five-
sentence analysis based on the title and the
data given.
Usage of Social Media by Age

Adolescents 42.1
Adults 39.6
Senior Citizens 18.3
Pinoy Desserts Cafe Monthly Sales Report
(December 2015)
Item Selling Price Number of Items Total Profit
Sold

Turon Php 15 8,541 Php 128,115

Halo-halo Php 50 1,212 Php 60,600
Mais con yelo Php 25 1,334 Php 33,350
Saba con yelo Php 25 784 Php 19,600
Sorbetes Php 25 968 Php 24,200

Grand Total 12,839 Php 265,865

II. Determine the diagram which would best present
the data in each box. Then, draw the diagram in the
space provided to present the data. Make sure to
add a title and a legend in each diagram.
1. Students in Hiraya School were surveyed about the
social netyworking sites they use. The following
data was generated:
* Out of 500 students surveyed, 96% have Facebook
accounts, 87% have Twitter accounts, and 95.7%
use Instagram.
2. According to literacy reports in the country of
Oz, youth literacy went up 7% since 2000.
Here is the data:
- In 2000, only 43% of the youth population was
literate. In the next census at 2005, it went up
by2%. After five years, the literacy rate was at
47%. During the most recent survey on 2015,
the rate is already 50%.
3. The recruitment agency adapted a new process in terms
of receiving applicants:
- Once an applicant comes in, the receptionist has to ask if
he/she has an appointment or is a walk-in applicant. If the
applicant has an appointment, his/her resume should be
taken. The receptionist must then check the list of
appointments to verify, call and inform the interviewers
that the applicant has arrived, and then give them the
copy of the resume. When given thge go signal by the
interviewers, the receptionist must then inform the
applicant on how to proceed next.
- If the applicant plans on a walk-in application,
the receptionist has to take his/her resume,
have him/her fill out the basic information
form, and ask him/her to wait while the form
and the resume are reviewed by the
interviewers. When given the go signal by the
interviewers, the receptionist must then
inform the applicant on how to proceed next.
4. Oz has a complex form of government. It is governed
overall by a King and Queen. Directly reporting to
these monarch is the Chief Minister, who supervises
the lay of the land, and the Crown Prince and
Princess, who are training in politics and economics.
The Chief Minister primarily convenes the different
ministers of various agencies: the Minister of
Agriculture, Minister of Housing, Minister of Rights,
Minister of Laws, Minister of Health, Minister of
Education, and Minister of Budget.
5. Psychologists in Oz conducted an experiment
which aimed to measure and compare the
learning rate of children when taught using
different teaching styles. They had three
groups of students who were taught the same
subject of creative writing, but with different
teaching styles, and their grades were
measured from week 1 to week 4.
• The first group, which was taught using an
activity style, had the following average
scores: 78, 84, 86, 92, from the first week to
the fourth, respectively. The second group,
which was taught via lecture style, averaged
79, 80, 84, 86 from the first to the last week,
respectively. The last group was taught using a
group style and got the following weekly
scores: 80, 85, 89, 93.