3.2.

PRIMARY TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS

 The equipment used by the farmer to break and loosen the
soil for a depth of 6 to 36 in. (15.2 to 91.4 cm) is called
primary tillage equipment.
 The reason for primary tillage will vary but will generally
fall into one or more of the following tillage objectives.

1
 Objectives of primary tillage
 To create a seedbed by breaking and pulverizing the soil,
 To destroy weeds or other unwanted vegetation,
 To partially or completely bury crop residue and manure
and to incorporate or mix these materials in to the soil,
 To mix and in corporate lime, fertilizer or other additives
to the soil,
 To control or destroy insects, their eggs, larvae and
breeding places,
 To loosen the soil for better aeration and water retention,
 To reduce wind and water erosion by leaving a rough
surface exposed to those elements.
2
 Basic primary tillage tools include:
mould board plows, disk plows, rotary tillers,
chisel plows, subsoiler plough and heavy-duty disc harrows.

3
1. MOLDBOARD PLOUGH

4
 1. MOLDBOARD PLOUGH
 The moldboard plow is designed to cut a narrow strip of soil
(called a furrow slice) completely loose and completely invert it.

 In the process of doing so much of the crop residue and other

material is completely buried under the furrow slice.
 In the process of inverting a furrow slice, it is moved sideways
some distance leaving an open groove or trench in the soil,
which is called the furrow.
 When the next trip is made, the furrow is filled with a new
furrow slice but a new open furrow is also produce. 5
 The essential feature of plowing by moldboard plow is that
a layer of soil is separated from the under laying subsoil
so that any vegetation or manure present on the surface is
buried, and a layer of soil from below is brought to the
surface, where it is exposed to the action of weathering
agents and of other implements.
 Moldboard plows can be left handed or right handed.
 Most are, of course, right handed; i.e. they move the
furrow slice to the right.
6
 If an operator begins plowing along the boundaries moving
furrow slices towards the boundaries, two open furrows
will exist in the center area of the field.
 As plowing continues the open furrows will move closer
together until the field is completely plowed. This last open
furrow at the center of the field is called dead furrow.

7
 If the farmer starts plowing in the center of a field, turns
right at the far end and returns moving furrows onto those
he plowed on his first trip, he forms a ridge of soil in the
center of the field which is called a back furrow.
 Two open furrows will exist when the filed is completely
plowed; one along each of the two boundaries of the field.

8
 Based on the number of bottoms they have, our common
regular moldboard plows can be divided into two main groups;
1. One-way plows and
2. Two-way plows.

 One-way plows throw the soil only in one direction.

 A special plow, which can be operated so as to eliminate dead
furrows, is called a two-way plow.
 The two-way (also called riverside) plow has two sets of plow
bottoms, right handed and left handed, which are alternated at
each field ends.
9
 The plowing operation starts along one boundary with one set
of bottoms moving the soil towards the boundary.
 On the return trip the bottoms are alternated and soil again is
moved towards the boundary.
 Thus, all the soil is moved one way and a single open furrow
will exist along the last boundary with no dead furrows or back
Two –way plow
furrows in the field.

One-way
10
11
The two-way plow is particularly useful:
1. In hilly areas where it may be desirable to turn all the
furrow slices up hill to reduce water run-off and to reduce
the effect of soil build-up along the lower field
boundaries,
2. In areas where flood irrigation is practiced because they
leave no unwanted ditches for water to flow in the field,
3. During contour plowing - plowing across the slope at
equal height.
12
TYPES, PARTS AND ACTIONS OF THE MOLDBOARD
PLOUGH
 Moldboard plow type is usually determined by the method
in which the plow is attached to the tractor and by the way
it is lifted and carried.
 The basic types are:
1. TRAILING TYPE MOLDBOARD PLOWS

2. MOUNTED MOLDBOARD PLOWS

3. SEMI-MOUNTED MOLDBOARD PLOUGHS

13
 Semi-mounted MBP

Mounted MBP

Trailed MBP

14
 1. TRAILING TYPE MOLDBOARD PLOWS
 The trailing, or pull type, tractor plow is a complete unit in
itself supported by three wheels; when hitched to the
drawbar, it trails behind the tractor.
 Trailing moldboards are built in sizes ranging from one to
five bottoms.
Trailed MBP

15
 2. MOUNTED MOLDBOARD PLOWS
 The plow is attached directly to the three-point linkage.
 It depends upon the tractor for its power lift and up on the
power of the tractor engine for its general operation.
 The entire weight of the plow is carried on the tractor when
lifted.
 The depth of plowing is controlled in some cases
hydraulically, in others by levers and gage wheels.
 The number of bottoms ranges from one to five, depending
upon the size of the tractor. 16
 3. SEMI-MOUNTED MOLDBOARD PLOUGHS
 This type of plow has the front end directly connected to
and supported by the tractor.
 The rear end of the plow is supported by a furrow wheel
and a land wheel.
 The raising and lowering of the rear part of the plow on the
furrow wheel may be accomplished either by a mechanical
linkage or by a remote-controlled hydraulic cylinder.
 The front end of the plow is raised and lowered by the
tractor hydraulic linkage system. 17
 The basic parts of the plough are:
1. The main frame,
2. Plow bottoms, (share, moldboard, landside and froge),

3. Axle and wheels depending on the type,

4. Attachments such as rolling or disk coulter, jointer, cover board,
moldboard extention, etc.

18
19
20
 1. THE MAIN FRAME
 The main frame is frequently made of tubular steel of
either rectangular or round cross section.
 Apart from providing an extremely strong backbone to
which other components may be attached, it also provides
a simple assembly onto which additional bodies may be
attached or removed, thus providing a plow which is
ideally matched to the tractor power available.
 Plow "body" is the name given to the complete assembly
responsible for working the soil. 21
Three point linkage

frame

MB

landside
share

frog
22
 2. PLOUGH BOTTOMS
 The part of the plow that actually breaks the soil is called the bottom
or base.
 It is composed of those parts necessary for the rigid structure
required to lift, turn, invert the soil.
 The parts which form the moldboard plow bottom are the share, the
land side, the moldboard and the frog.

23
 A. MOLDBOARD
 The moldboard is that part of the plow just back of the
share. It receives the furrow slice from the share and turns
it.
 The moldboard is the most important part of the plow
because it is upon the moldboard that the furrow slice is
broken, crushed and pulverized.
 The lower part of the moldboard is where most granulation
takes place; and most of the turning is done by the upper
part of the moldboard. 24
 The final action of the moldboard is to push or throw the
furrow slice into the open furrow.
 The amount of throw depends largely upon the speed of
operation and curvature of the moldboard.
 Because soil types an plowing conditions vary, different
soils require different shaped moldboards to give the same
degree of pulverization.
 For this reason moldboards are divided into several
classes, namely; stubble, general purpose, the sod, clay,
slatted, scotch, etc. 25
26
 i. STUBBLE MOLDBOARD
 The stubble type moldboard is broader and bent more abruptly
along the top edge.
 This causes the furrow slice to be thrown over quickly and
abruptly, pulverizes it much better than the other types.
 It is primarily for soils that have been cultivated from year to
year called stubble soil because of the fact that the stubble of
plants from the previous crop is still on the land.
 Unlike the sod plow, the furrow slices lap upon one another.
 This moldboard is short, and has a much steeper slope and more
abrupt curvature. 27
 ii. SOD /BREAKER MOLDBOARD
• The sod moldboard is long and has a very gradual
curvature so as to turn the furrow slice very gently,
smoothly and with a minimum of pulverization.
• It is designed to work in sod land or very hard clay where
penetration is difficult and in lands that have remained idle
for a number of years.

28
 iii. GENERAL PURPOSE MOLDBOARD
 The general-purpose moldboard has a shape, which is
midway between the sod moldboard and the stubble
moldboard.
 It has a medium slope and curvature and produces
medium pulverization.
 It is adapted to plowing the sods developed by tame hay
but will also operate satisfactorily in stubble land.

29
 iv. SLATTED MOLDBOARDS
 Slatted moldboard makes scouring easy in difficult soils.
 If we remove about half the moldboard area, the furrow
slice will press against the remaining area with almost
twice the pressure and, hence, with about double the
scouring effectiveness.
 The moldboard is shaped like the stubble moldboard.
 It is used where the soil is sticky and does not scour on
solid moldboards like black waxy or red clay soils.

30
 v. SCOTCH MOLDBOARD
 This has long curved moldboard, which turns the furrow
slice on its edge.
 The slice is not pulverized, but it is exposed to the air and
elements.
 Scotch moldboard has a narrow share that does not cover
the full width of the furrow slice.
 The upended furrow slices catch rain and snow. This type
is for heavy, close textured clay.
31
 vi. HIGH SPEED MOLDBOARD
 It has slightly less curvature to the upper section of the
moldboard than does the general-purpose moldboard.
 It is designed to throw the furrow slice just far enough to
lap upon the previous furrow slice.
vii. BLACK LAND MOLDBOARD
 It is a special shaped moldboard which is extensively used
where the soil does not scour (leave the surface clean and
polished) well.

32
 In classifying moldboards, it should be kept in mind that there are
hundreds of shapes of each class.
 Such diversity of shapes has resulted from attempts by manufacturers
to make a moldboard that will do good work in all types of soils, but
one that will work successfully every where is yet to be made.
 Moldboard modifications are made with in the generality in different
soil types.
 A moldboard that will operate very well in one soil may do a very
poor job in a different type of soil.
 The cutting edge of the moldboard just above the landside is known
as the shine.
33
 B. SHARE
 It penetrates in to the soil and makes a horizontal cut
below the soil surface.
 It is a sharp well polished and pointed component.
 Different portions of the share are called by different
names such as:
 (a) Point of share;
 (b) cutting edge of share;

 (c) wing of share;

 (d) gunnel of share
34
1.----------------------------
1a.---------------------
1b.---------------------
1c.---------------------
1d.--------------------
2.----------------------------
3.----------------------------
4.-----------------------------

35
(a) Point of share: It is the forward end of the cutting edge
which actually penetrates into the soil.

(b) Cutting edge of share: It is the front edge of the share

which makes horizontal cut in the soil.

(c) Wing of share: It is the outer end of the cutting edge of

share. It supports the plough bottom.
(d) Gunnel of share: It is the vertical face of the share which
slides along the furrow wall. It takes the side thrust of the
soil and supports the plough bottom against the furrow wall.
36
 Types of share
 Share are of different types such as:
(i) Slip share;
(ii) slip nose share;
(iii) shin share and
(iv) Bar point share.

37
(i) Slip share:
 This is a common type of share.
 The complete share is to be replaced when worn out.

(ii) Slip nose share:

 In this type, the share point is provided by a small detachable piece.

 It has the advantage that share point can be replaced as and when
required.
 If the point is worn out, it can be changed with out replacing the
entire share.

38
(iii) Shin share
• It is similar to slip share but an extension is provided to fit by side of
mould board.
• This prevents mould board from wearing along its cutting edge called
shin.

(iv) Bar point share

• A long bar is used which is pushed forward as the point wears out.

• The bar avoids the replacement of complete share. 39

 3. Land slide
 It is a long flat metal piece which absorbs the side force
created when the furrow is turned.
 It slides along the face of furrow wall.
 It also helps to steady the plough while in operation.
 It can have removable heel at the rear and is made of one
piece.
 Land slides are usually made of cast iron or solid steel.

40
 4. Frog
 All the working parts are attached to frog and it is made of
steel, usually this does not get damaged but in case of
accident, if it gets damaged it cannot be set right because
of its odd shape.
 Hence it has to be replaced with the new one.

41
Accessories of Mould Board Plough

42
 There are few accessories necessary for ploughs such as:
(a) Jointer; b) Coulter; c) Gang wheel; d) Land Wheel and; e)
Furrow wheel.

43
a) Jointer:
 It is a small irregular piece of metal having a shape
similar to an ordinary plough bottom.
 It’s function is to move the trash and roots from this strip
towards the main furrow in such a manner as to ensure
complete coverage by the flow bottom.

44
b) Coulter:
 Coulters are used to turn under the long and heavy trash. It cuts
trash into shorter length.
 Thus plough can cover better. It is used in tractor drawn ploughs
only.
 There are various types of coulters which are classified as under:

(i) Sliding type knife coulter and (ii) Rolling type disc coulter.

45
(i) Sliding type Knife Coulter:
 It is a stationary knife fixed down ward in a vertical position on the
beam.
 The knife does not roll over the ground but slides on the ground. The
knife may be of different shapes and sizes.

(ii) Rolling type disc coulter:

 It is a round steel disk having sharp edges, sometimes it has notched
edges also shown in fig.

46
 The rolling coulters perform the following
functions:
1. It cuts furrow slice edge levers, cleans furrow walls.

2. It cuts the trash over the surface of the field for better coverage
by the
furrow slice
3. It reduces plough draft.

4. It keeps the plough clean from clogging.

47
(c) Gange wheel
 It is also called as Beam wheel.
 These are attached to the end of the beam near Clovis to control the
depth of ploughing.
 This is very necessary where uniform depth of ploughing is desired
through out the field.

(d) Land Wheel

 It is the wheel of the plough which runs on the unplughed land.

48
(e) Furrow wheel
 Furrow wheel is further divided into two groups.

(i) Front furrow wheel and (ii) Rear furrow wheel.

(i) Front furrow wheel: It is the front wheel of the plough which runs in the furrow.
(ii) Rear furrow wheel: It is the rear wheel of the plough which runs in the furrow.

49
 Adjustment of Mould board plough
 For proper penetration and efficient work by the mould board
plough, some clearance (0.3 to 0.5m) is provided in the plough.
 This clearance is called suction of plough.

 Suction in mould board plough is of two types:

(a) Vertical suction and; (b) Horizontal suction.

50
 (a) Vertical suction or Vertical clearance
 It is the maximum clearance under the landslide and the horizontal
surface when the plough is resting on a horizontal surface in the
working position.
 It is the vertical distance from the ground, measured at the joining
point of share and land side.
 It helps the plough to penetrate into the soil to a proper depth. This
clearance varies according to the size of the plough.

51
 (b) Horizontal suction (Horizontal Clearance)
 It is the maximum clearance between the inside and a horizontal
plane touching point of share at its gunnel side and heal of
landslide.
 This suction helps the plough to cut the proper width of furrow
slice.
 This clearance, various according to the size of the plough.

 It is also known as side clearance.

52
2. DISK PLOW

53
54
 2. DISK PLOW

 It is a plough, which cuts, turns and in some cases breaks

furrow slice by means of separately mounted large steel
discs.
 A disc plough is designed with a view to reduce friction by
making a rolling plough bottom instead of sliding plough
bottom.
 A disc plough works well in the conditions where mould
board plough does not work satisfactory.
55
 Advantages of disc plough
 A disc plough can be forced to penetrate into the soil which is too
hard and dry for working with a mould board plough.
 It works well in sticky soil in which a mould board plough does
not work.
 It is more useful for deep ploughing.
 It can be used safely in stony and stumpy soil without much
danger of breakage.
 A disc plough works well even after a considerable part of the
disc is worn off in abrasive soil.
 It works in loose soil also with out much clogging. 56
 Disadvantages of Disc Plough
 It is not suitable for covering surface trash and weeds as
effectively as mould board plough does.
 Comparatively, the disc plough leaves the soil in rough
and more coldly condition than that of mould board
plough.
 Disc plough is much heavier them mould board plough for
equal.

57
2.1 Basic Components Of Disc Plow

frame

standard

Support stand

scraper Disc blade

bearing 58
 1 1.-----------------------------
7 2.-----------------------------
2 3.-----------------------------
6 4.-----------------------------
5.-----------------------------
6.-----------------------------
7.-----------------------------

4 5

59
60
1. Disc blade
 A disc plow is a perfectly round and concave which has a sharpened edge to
aid in the penetration of the soil.
 During ploughing the disc blade rotate in their own axis and the furrow
slices ride along the curvature of the disc to be pulverized.
 Disc blade is specified by its diameter and thickness.
 For example, the term 26”x3/16”represent that the disc is 26 inches in
diameter and 3/16 inches in thickness.

2. Frame
 It can have tabular rectangular or round cross section where all the
components are attached and supported.
 And links the implement with the power source. 61
3. Shank(standard)
 The top part is welded to the frame & the lower part gives bearing
to the disc.
 Used to absorb the side thrust exerted on the disc by the furrow
slice, and should be made of strong and thick metal.
4. Disc bearings
 Bearing is the part on which disc blades are rotated on a shaft and
each disc is equipped its own bearing.
 Good disc bearing should be large, strong and have little friction.

-b/c they have strong resistance for furrow slices

 They should be well sealed - to protect lubricating agent 62

5. Remote hydraulic cylinder (RHC)
 Controls the depth of cut and used to raise and lower the
implement during turning and transporting.
6. Rear wheel & furrow wheel
 The rear wheel is commonly found for semi-mounted and trailed
type of discs.
 It control depth of cut and supports the rear end of the plow during
turning.
7. Support stand
 The support stand support the plow at the front end when the plow
is disconnected from the tractor. 63
 2.2.Types of Disc Ploughs

 Similar to conventional moldboard plow disc ploughs are

also divided into:- mounted, semi-mounted and trailed types
1. MOUNTED DISC PLOUGH
 They are attached to the tractor to the three point hitch linkages.

 They can be raised and lowered by the tractor hydraulic system.

 They are usually rear mounted and have rear wheel to absorb side thrust
of the furrow slice and few number of bottoms are involved.

 Some times depth wheel or control chain is used to control depth of

operation.
64
2. SEMI-MOUNTED DISC PLOUGH
 They are pulled by the tractor drawbar and supported by the rear
wheel on the ground.
 The remote hydraulic cylinder(RHC) is used to control depth and width
of plow.
3. TRAILLED DISC PLOUGH
• They have three wheels for support. Only pulling force is provided by
the tractor.
• The front furrow wheel help to lift the plow for steering purpose and
absorbs some of side thrusts of furrow slice.
• The lifting and lowering mechanism is provided by the remote
hydraulic cylinder. 65
 2.3 Disc Plough Attachments
A. DISC SCRAPPER
 Many disc ploughs are equipped with scrappers which give a good turning effect and
cover the trash in more satisfactorily manner.
 They also keep disc blades clean from sticky soils, and provide greater pulverization of
the furrow slice, also enable the plough to invert the slice and cover trash much better.

B. WEIGHTS
 In tough, hard soil condition where penetration is difficult, weights are bolted to the
rear wheel or on the frame.
 Extra weights are also used to keep plough operation more stable.

C. REAR WHEEL FLANGE & SCRAPPERS

 In loose ground or sandy condition auxiliary flange and scrapper used to prevent the
wheels from penetrating too deep in to furrow.
 And the scraper cleans the soil from wheel.
66
 2.4 Adjustment of disc plow
 Various adjustments on the disc plough are aimed at controlling
the depth and width of ploughing to increase the pulverization.
 These objectives can be achieved as follows:
 By decreasing the tilt angle, penetration is improved
 By increasing the disc angle, width of cut is improved
 By adding weight to the plow penetration can be increased
 The disc plough should be well polished and sharp

 Cutting Angle Adjustment

 In disc plow there are two types of adjustable cutting angles;
horizontal disc angle and the vertical tilt angle.
67
 (a) Standarded disc plough adjustments
(i) Adjustment of Disc angle
 It is the angle between the direction of travel and the plane of the disc.
 It is usually kept between 42 to 45 degree for minimum draft requirement.

 Increasing the disc angle will result in increased width of cut and draft.
 A little adjustment in disc angle is possible by rotating cross draft of the plough.
 Increasing HDA –increases the width of cut
 Decreasing HDA – decreases width of cut

68
(ii) Adjustment of Tilt angle
 It is the angle between the vertical plane and the plane of the disc.

 It is the amount where disc is inclined or tilted from the vertical

position.
 It is usually between 15 to 25 degree penetration is improved by
decreasing tilt angle which however, reduces throw of soil.
 VTA (ß) -improves depth of penetration

 Increasing the VTA – decreases depth of penetration

 Decreasing VTA – increases depth of penetration

 In hard, dry soils the discs work best in a vertical position, of

course with a plenty of weight in it.
69
(b) Vertical Disc Plough adjustments

(i) Leveling adjustment

 Proper leveling of a vertical disc plough is essential to
obtain a uniform cut and seeding depth, to prevent
ridging and to make the plough trail correctly.
 The leveling adjustment is usually made by means of a
leveling screw at the front of the plough frame.
 When the discs are in raised position, the front discs will
normally be higher than the rear ones.
70
(ii) Hitching adjustment
 Selected a level, uniform part of the field and make a cut
with the plough at the desired working depth, using
appropriate width of cut.
 Pull the plough into position with the front wheel in the
furrow, regardless of the position of tractor wheels, make
a short run at the normal working speed and depth.

71
3. SUBSOILER

72
 3. SUBSOILER
 There are three layers of soil; top soil, hard pan and sub soil.
 Ploughs, tillers and harrows work on the top soil. Chisels usually work on hard
pan and the subsoiler work in deeper soil.
 Generally the sub soiler plow is a heavy duty tool designed to operate below the
normal depth of tillage and to loosen the soil by lifting.
 Subsoiler operate in depth of 20-36in.
 Sub soiling is done to improve water infiltration, drainage and root penetration by
breaking up the impervious layer below the normal tillage depth.

73
 Free movement of air and good drainage are necessary for good crop
yield
 The constant compacting by heavy tractors and implements tend to make
the soil impervious to water, so sub soiler are used to open such
compacted soil for increasing yields.
3.1 Types of Subsoilers
 Subsoilers are available in both trailing and mounted units.
 It can be raised by ground wheel, or from tractor hydraulic system.
 There are three types of subsoilers;
 Mounted type,

 Tool bar mounted type,

 Trailed (pull) type 74
1. Mounted type
– is hitched to the three point hitch of the tractor.

– the tractor hydraulic system is used to control depth of plough and for lifting
during transport.
– and it is used for deeper sub soiling

2. Tool bar mounted type

- this is similar with the mounted type
- but the sub soiling may be removed from the tool bar.

3. Trailed (pull) type

- It has two wheel for support and pulled by the tractor.
- The wheels are used to lift the subsoiler and act as depth guide.

-usually the pull type subsoilers are used for a shallower depth.
75
 3.2 subsoiler parts

Frame(beam)

Standard (shank)

foot
point

 Beam:- supports the standard

 Standard(shank)

- it can be vertical, slanted or curved towards the front.

-the top of the standard may be fastened to the beam.

- the standard on sub soiling ploughs are usually long and narrow with a heavy wedge like
76
point.
 Foot

- The foot is the projection of the lower end of the standard to which the point is bolted.
 Point

- It is the cutting portion of the subsoiler.

- It raises some of the hard soil, causing the soil above to break up.

3.3 Subs oilers Attachments

 Coulter
- the sub soil may be equipped with a coulter in front of a shank to assist in cutting grass or trash
rather than having accumulated on the shank.

 Mole
- the mole is an oval shaped object pulled behind the subsoiler.
- when pulled behind the mole leaves a tunnel, particularly if the sub soil is clayey.
-The sub soiling unit has been used to bury flexible plastic pipe in the ground by the falling earth.
-fertilizer attachments can be added to the subsoiling unit and apply fertilizer at varying depth.
77
4. CHISEL PLOW

78
 4. CHISEL PLOW
 Chisel plough is a heavy duty field cultivator in tended to operate at a depth of
6in to 18in.

30cm

chisels

 The chisel type plow is a tool with a rigid curved, or straight shank with
relatively narrow points.
 The shanks or standards are 30cm apart and cut narrow slot in the soil with very
little inversion of the soil.
 When the hard pan is broken up more water may enter through and stored in the
sub soil for later crop use, so this help to reduce surface run off and reducing soil
erosion. 79
 Two kinds of chisel operations are required before planting:
• Straight Chiseling and

• Diagonal Chiseling

 Diagonal chiseling is a diagonal operation to the first one. This will help to
avoid ridge formation b/n the chisels.
 Chisel plow eliminates the dead furrow and back furrow other than only a
narrow slots are left in the field.

 Width of chisel plow

 Integral mounted chisel plows are available from 1.5m to 6m width and the size
depends on the tractor lifting capacity and front end stability.
 Some times ballasting mass is used in the front.
 Pull type (trailed) ploughs are available from 2.5m to 13.7m width.
 And support wheels are used in the wing for those greater than 4m width. 80
ADVAVTAGE OF THE CHISEL PLOUGH:-
1. For bursting up the sub soil

2. For improving drainage

3. For aerating the soil
4. For breaking up the soil pan

5. For pulling up deep Rooted weeds.

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5. Rotary Tillers

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5. ROTARY TILLER
 Rotary tiller is powered from tractor PTO shaft.
 The rotor is equipped with a series of “L” shaped shovels, which
cut in to the soil due to the rotation of the rotor.
 Their working width ranges from 1m to more than 5m.
 Features of the operation;
1. No open furrows exist after a rotary tiller has passed
2. Usually a field Is tilled in two trips; the first shallow and the second deeper.
3. Little or no secondary tillage is required;
4. Very less drawbar power is required b/c the rotor tends to move the machine forward.
 Pulverization can be increased by increasing the rotor speed & reducing the
tractor speed.
 Working depth
- it is adjusted with the wheel for trailed type and by hydraulic lift lever for
mounted types.
 Uses of rotary tiller -for stubble cleaning, cutting up weeds & crop residue.
-seed bed work for root crops.
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 TYPES OF ROTARY TILLER
1. Trailed on tractor-
- mounted with the PTO drives. Usually 3 to 4 feet wide and require 10 to 15 hp.

- the knives mounted on a horizontal power driven shaft.

2. Trailed units with auxiliary engines;

- pulled by a tractor but have a cutting knife by auxiliary engine mounted on the
frame of the plow.
- made in 4-7 feet size & require 60-100hp

- the knives mounted on a horizontal power driven shaft.

3. Field type self propelled machines;

- have 6-8 ft of cutting width and propelled with a separate engine as large as
180hp.
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