327

Farm Machinery
Answer key
Part A
1. Define tilt angle?
It is the angle measured with respect to vertical line and to the surface line of disc. It affects
the degree of penetration. With proper combination of tilt and disc angle, the depth of furrow,
pulverization of the soil and draft required may be easier and commensurate in any particular
condition of the soil. The tilt angle varies from 15º to 25º.

2. State the function of a harrow?

Functions of Harrow:
1. To improve the seed bed by pulverization of soil.
2. To conserve the moisture, kill weeds and reduce evaporation
3. To cut the crop residues and cover the crops and mix vegetative matter with the soil
4. To break up clods, firm the top soil and put in better tilth for seeding and germination of
seeds
5. To destroy the weeds
3. What do you mean by seed drill?
Seed drills:
Seed drill is used for sowing seeds of small sizes like wheat, gram etc., and must be
capable of placing seed at a depth where optimum soil temperature and moisture are available for
germination.
A good seed drill must be able to ensure metering of correct and uniform amount of seed
rate at a precise depth without causing any damage to it.
Presently seed drills have additional feature of fertilizer attachment, pre emergence
herbicide applicators, seed treatment attachments etc.,
4. What do you mean by ULV sprayer?
Ultra low volume (U.L.V.) sprayer is a equipment used to spray chemicals in a highly
concentrated form, ie 1 to 10 liters of chemical solution per hectare of land is sprayed.
This technique is employed in equipments with high speed rotating disc, motorized knapsack
sprayers and aerial application aircraft for insecticide spraying.
 5. Write down the working principle of a thresher?
Working Principle:
The following figure clearly explains the working principle of a thresher. It consists of
a. Feeding unit,
b. Threshing unit,
c. Winnowing unit and
d. Cleaning unit (set of sieves).
The crop material is slightly pushed into the threshing unit. The threshing unit consists of a
revolving threshing cylinder and a stationary concave arrangement. The crop mass stuck in-
between this arrangement is subject to shear and compressive forces due variation in speed. As a
result the cylinder having spikes strikes the crop material several times causing threshing of the
major portion of the grain and breaking stalks into pieces. As the material passes further the
converging gap of lower concave, increases the force and more rubbing between them causes
further threshing. Mixture of grain and chaff pass down the concave opening where the chaff and
light materials are taken away by the winnower. Grain with broken reaches set of sieves, where it
is graded and good grains are sent to packing.
 6. What is the use of cutter bar?
The use of cutter bar is to cut the crops.

7. Write down the parts of mould board?

Main parts of Mould board plough are as follows:
a. Plough bottom
- Share
o Slip share
o Slip nose share
o Shin share
o Bar point share
- Mould board
o General purpose
o Black land
o Sod or Breaker
o High speed mould board
- Land Slide
- Frog

b. Plough accessories
- Plough frame and beam
- Adjusting coulters, jointers
- Gauge wheel
- Lifting mechanism
- Plough hitch
- Leveling and depth adjusting mechanism
- Furrow opener

8. Name different types of harrow?

Types of Harrows:
1. Disc harrow
2. Spring tooth type harrow
3. Spike tooth type harrow
4. Roller harrow and packer

Part B
9. Differentiate mould board plough and disc plough?
Sl.No. Mould board plough Disc plough
01. It is sliding bottom It is rolling bottom
02. Sliding resistance is more No sliding resistance, only rolling resistance
More energy required to pull because Relatively less energy required to pull, but due
03.
of sliding resistance to its weight requires more energy
Depth of cut and width of cut are
Depth of cut and width of cut are controlled by
04. controlled by vertical and horizontal
Tilt and Disc angle
suction
 05. Both are primary tillage implements
06. Used in relatively light soils Used in heavy, gumbo soils
Less soil inversion compared to Disc
07. Good soil inversion if provided with scrapers
plough
Suitable for non sticky, scouring
08. Suitable for sticky, non scouring clay soils
soils

10. Write a short note on roller harrows?

Roller harrows:
Roller harrows are used to break surface crusts, pulverize clods, firm loose soils and leave
the soil suitable for sowing. This is a special type of field finishing implement, which is a
combination of roller packer and a spring tine harrow. The implement has a front gang of
independent, heavy cast iron rollers mounted on a tubular axle. The rollers are free to turn
individually. The front gang on these harrows crushes the clods and leaves the surface smooth.
The spring tooth digs up the clods which are deeper and bring them to the surface, breaks clods
and lumps to separate them and close air pockets in the soil. The second roller then pulverizes
the freshly separated clumps leaving a fairly firm well pulverized seedbed.

11. Name the types of fertilizer metering mechanism?

a. Fertilizer metering mechanism used in a seed drill
i. Spur wheel
ii. Serrated disc
iii. Star wheel
b. Fertilizer metering mechanism used in a Planter
a. Star wheel
b. Revolving bottom plate
12. Write down the functioning of a duster?
Functioning of a duster:
The air from the pump is directed through a tube into the container where it agitates the
dust and ejects it from a discharge orifice or a tube.
13. State the different types of feeding system of a thresher?
Different types of feeding system:
Different types of threshers have different types of feeding system. They are as follows:
1. Chute feed
2. Hopper feed
3. Conveyor feed
4. Feed roller type
14. Differentiate primary tillage and secondary tillage?
Sl.no. Primary tillage Secondary tillage
01. It is a major soil breaking operation It is conditioning the soil
02. Depth varies from 15 to 30 cm Depth of ploughing is between 5 and 10cm
03. Implements used for this operation is Implements used for this operation is
called as Primary tillage implements called as secondary tillage implements.
04. Example: Mould board plough, disc Example: Disc harrow, Spike tooth harrow
plough etc.,
05. More draft or energy is required
06. It is the first operation in the field
07. Aim is to meet primary tillage objectives
08. Cutting, pulverization and inversion of the
soil are done in this operation
Relatively less draft or energy is required
It is done followed after primary tillage
Aim is to meet secondary tillage objectives
Stirring, breaking of clods and creating a
fine tilth conditions are done in this
operation

15. Describe the classifications of harrows?

Types of Harrows:
1. Disc harrow
2. Spring tooth type harrow
3. Spike tooth type harrow
4. Roller harrow and packer
Classification of Disc Harrows:
The disc harrow can be classified based on
i. Method of attachment with tractor
i. Mounted on hydraulic system
ii. Semi mounted on hydraulic system
iii. Trailed type
ii. Arrangement of gangs
i. Single action disc harrows: Two gangs placed end to end, which throw soil in
opposite directions.
ii. Double action disc harrows: Two gangs are placed one behind the other. The front
gang throws soil to the right and the rear gang pulls the soil back to the centre.
Double action harrows are also known as tandem harrows.
iii. Offset disc harrows: An offset disc harrow has two gang of disc. The concave disc on
front gang moves the soil to right hand side and the rear to the left hand. The land
tilled twice and the fields are nearly levelled after harrowing. The angle of the gang is
variable and can be adjusted to suit particularly tilling requirements and soil
conditions.
 16. Explain the functions and operations of combine?
Functions of Combine Harvester:
A combine harvester has the following operations to perform. For each operation a
separate mechanism exists. The various systems and their functions are listed below:
a. Cutting system
b. Threshing system
c. Cleaning system
a. Cutting system:
The standing crop is guided to the cutter by the take in sweep. Depending on the
condition of the crop various divider devices may be attached at the right and left of the trough.
The cut crop is pulled to the middle of the trough by the feed auger where controlled prongs
arrange the grain for the inclined conveyor and transport it to the threshing drum. Independent of
the thresher action, the cutter can be turned off by means of the quick action of a clutch which is
operated from the driving platform by a clutch pedal.
b. Threshing system:
Grain is threshed by the threshing drum and the threshing basket, also known as concave.
For quick adjustment of prevailing conditions, a speed change of the threshing drum and a fine
adjustment of the threshing basket are provided on the driving platform. Damage of the threshing
basket and drum is prevented by the stone trap mounted in the front of the thresher. The guide
drum carries the empty straw to the four vibrator trays, which separate the remaining grain from
the straw.
c. Cleaning system:
The grain chaff mixture from the threshing basket and the vibrator collects on the stepped
floor. Its vibration separates the grain from the chaff and short straw. Over a drop step the grain
then reaches the first screening stage. The air blast removes chaff and straw from the cleaning
unit. Grain that passes through the hinged screen section is separated by the double strip screen
section behind it. Any of the remaining full ears drop through the slope adjustable grate on the
ear return. Below the first screening stage, a second stage is provided. A blower has been
arranged to provide for an air blast across the drop step above the first and second screening
stages to remove any light weight particles and contamination. After having passed the screens,
the cleaned grain is collected at the inclined bed and conveyed to the spiral grain conveyor which
carries it to the elevator, to be deposited in the bin by the spiral bin feeder.
Combine operation:
The operator must know the following points for the better operation and to have a good
result from a harvester.
1. Types of losses
2. Sources of losses and
3. How to reduce them
Types of losses:
The various losses occurring in a harvester are as follows
a. Un-cut heads of standing crop (pre-harvest losses)
b. Falling down of the heads of cut crop
c. Shattering losses
d. Un-threshed grain
e. Breakage of grain
 Sources of losses:
The various source of losses are given below
i. Cutter bar loss: It is caused due to the following two reasons. They are
a. Grain shattered out by reel.
b. Heads of grain thrown out by the reel
ii. Cylinder loss: Damage of grain due to insufficient clearance between concave and
cylinder. Cylinder losses should be less than 1%
iii. Rack loss: Grains not separated from straw passes over the rack. This loss should remain
between 0.2% and 0.4%
iv. Shoe loss: Grain that is carried over the rear of the sieves with chaff and blown out of the
combine. This loss should remain between 0.2% and 0.4%
v. Any leakage of grain from covers.
In general the accumulated loss from all the sources varies between 1% and 4%.
How to reduce losses: The causes of losses are
a. Faulty Machine setting
b. Condition of crop in terms of moisture content
a. Machine setting: The various machine settings are as follows

i. Machine speed adjustment: Follow the manufacturer’s operator manual. Machine

speed may be given as beater shaft speed, engine speed at rated rpm, blower
speed, threshing cylinder speed etc.,

ii. Cylinder speed and concave clearance adjustments: Decides rack and shoe losses.
Too slow cylinder speed or too wide concave clearance may result in back
feeding at cylinder. A compromise between cylinder speed and concave clearance
should be maintained.

iii. Adjust cutter bar height: Height of cut should be in such way that there should not
be too much crop residue left in the field and at the same time much material will
overload the rack.

iv. Reel adjustment: The reel may be adjusted for speed, height and position forward
or rearward.

v. Adjust forward speed: Do not use throttle to change ground speed. Driving too
fast increase rack losses, increase shattering losses and results in uneven height of
cut.

vi. Adjust the cleaning sieves and fan blast: the various adjustments to be done are as
follows
a) Chaffer opening adjustment
b) Chaffer height adjustment
c) Chaffer extension opening adjustment
d) Chaffer extension height adjustment
e) The shoe sieve opening adjustment
f) Blower adjustment
g) Tail board adjustment
a)
 vii. Cutter bar adjustments: The various parts of cutter bar needed adjustments are
a) Guard alignment
b) Knife clips
c) Wearing plate
d) Sickle register
a)
b. Condition of crop in terms of moisture content:
In general, seed damage increases as the moisture content is reduced, below 14%
moisture content more shattering and cutter bar losses may take place.

Part C
17. a. Explain the constructions and working of a two bottom mould board plough with
simple sketch?
Main parts of Mould board plough:
c. Plough bottom
- Share
o Slip share
o Slip nose share
o Shin share
o Bar point share
- Mould board
o General purpose
o Black land
o Sod or Breaker
o High speed mould board
- Land Slide
- Frog

d. Plough accessories
- Plough frame and beam
- Adjusting coulters, jointers
- Gauge wheel
- Lifting mechanism
- Plough hitch
- Leveling and depth adjusting mechanism
- Furrow opener
a .Plough bottom:
The plough bottom is a three sided
edge with the land slide and horizontal plane
of the share’s cutting edge as flat sides and
top of the share and mould board together
acting as a curved side. The primary
functions of the plough bottoms are to invert
the furrow slice to cover thrashes. The size of
plough bottom is the width of furrow it is
designed to cut. Plough bottom is the basic
unit of plough. The three main parts are land
slide, mould board and share which are
rigidly attached to frog.

1. Share:
It is the business end of the plough bottom; it cuts the underside of the furrow slice away
from the land. It is bolted to the frog. The main parts of a share are point of share (which enters
into the soil and also supports plough bottom). Throat or cutting edge of share (which cuts the
furrow slice from soil body). Wing of share (which is the outside corner of cutting edge) and
gunnel of share (which supports the plough bottom against furrow wall).
Types of share:
a. Slip share: The entire share has to be replaced after it is worn out.
b. Slip nose share: The share point of such share is a replaceable unit
c. Shin share: This is similar to the slip share. The only difference being that an extension is
provided to fit the side of the mould board
d. Bar point share: In addition to the main share, a steel bar which extends as the share point
is also provided. The other end of the bar is fastened to the frog. As the point wears out, it
is pushed forward.

2. Mould board:
The mould board is bolted to the side of the frog just above the share. It turns the furrow
slice on its edge. It may be made up of solid steel, soft center steel or chilled cast iron. Solid steel
and soft centered steel are the better under most conditions owing to the facts that this material
scours better. Solid steel is better where scouring is not a problem. Chilled cast iron is better for
sandy, gravelly soils.
The cutting edge of mould board is known as shin. Detachable shins are used for stony
and gravel soils where wear is excessive.
On some mould board an extension is provided to turn the soil over gradually and
completely.

Mould board can be classified as:

a. General purpose: Work well in ordinary conditions. Suitable for clay and stiff sod soil,
old ground
 b. Black land: Scours more easily in black lands than general purpose. It has a relatively
small mould board area. Also suitable for Gumbo soils.
c. Sod or Breaker: A sod bottom has a long, low mould board with a gradual twist (spiral)
that completely inverts the furrow slice with a minimum of break-up, thus covering
vegetative matter thoroughly.
d. High speed mould board: They are specially designed general purpose bottoms for
ploughing efficiency at high speed
3. Land Slide:
It is a long flat metal piece, which absorbs the side forces when the furrow is turned. It
slides along the face of the furrow wall. It also helps to steady the plough while it is being
operated. The land slide is made up of cast iron, solid steel and soft centered steel. A small metal
piece is fitted at the rear of land slide, is known as heel.
4. Frog:
Frog is that part of plough which joins the mould board, land slide and share together.
Frog is made up of mild steel and cast iron.
b. Plough accessories: All the parts other than bottom are considered as accessories.
1. Frame and Beam:
The plough beams usually provides the main part of the frame of tractor plough. Extra
frames are provided to support the wheel axles and lift mechanism. Most plough beams are
curved upward and forward and then downward to the hitch point for proper alignment.
2. Cross Shaft:
The steel shaft fitted at angles to the beam is known as cross shaft and have cranks.
3. Coulter:
Coulters serve the following purposes
- Reduce draft of plough
- Avoid the fast wearing of shares
- Cut the thrash over the surface off the field for better coverage
by the furrow slice
- Clean the furrow wall and width slightly
Mostly used coulters are
- Rolling coulters (Disc type)
- Sliding coulters (Knife type)
4. Jointer:
It is a miniature plough attached with coulter. It shapes like the plough bottom. It
prevents weed to stick with share and also reduces draft by cutting top layer of hard soil.
5. Wheel:
These are attached at the end of beam to control depth of ploughing. Some ploughs have
an adjustment for lead of furrow wheel away from wall to adjust pressure against the land slide.
17. b. Explain the constructional features of a subsoiler with simple sketch?
Subsoilers:
The subsoilers are implements used to breakup impervious layers and hard pan caused
due to constant use of tillage implements and movement of heavy tractors, implements, loaded
trailers etc., It has been observed that after constant use of plough for few years a hard pan gets
formed which causes restriction to air movement in the soil and increases water logging resulting
in poor yield. A subsoiler helps in breaking up hard pan, allows deeper cultivation to stimulate
root growth and improves infiltration and drainage.
Constructional features:
There are two types of sub-soilers one is single standard and another is more than one
standard. Single standard sub-soilers can be used for shallower operations. Sub-soiler ploughs
are available in both trailing and mounted units.
Main parts of the sub-soiler are
1. Shank or Standard
2. Beam or Toolbar
3. Tooth or share
1. Shank or standard:
Shank or standard is the main part of the unit. It is vertical or curved towards the front.
The shank may have several holes drilled on its sides which are used to hold wings and sweeps
for other purposes.
2. Beam or Tool bar:
The top of the standard is fastened to a straight flat iron which acts as a beam. The joint is
made with gusset plates and bolt or rivets. Other standards are fastened to a tool bar located
behind the tractor rear wheels. The tool bar can be raised or lowered from the tractor.
3. Tooth or share:
Tooth or share is fitted at the foot of shank. Most sub-soilers have steel point that is
reversible when worn.
Attachments:
1. Coulter:
If there is a considerable grass or thrash, the sub-soiler may be equipped with a coulter, to
assist in cutting such material rather than having accumulate on the shank.
2. Sweep and Chisel:
When sweep and chisel are pulled through the soil, it breaks open the same while the
trash and mulch are left open on top. Such tools enable the moisture to enter the soil rapidly and
permit aeration.
3. Beet Wings:
Beet wings can be attached to the shank of the sub-soiling unit. These wings cut-off weed
and volunteer roots if the unit is run quite shallow.
4. Mole:
The mole is an oval shaped object, leaves a tunnel which serves as a drainage chanel for
water when pulled behind the sub-soiler.
5. Fertilizer attachment:
It can be added to the sub-soiler unit. Such a unit applies fertilizer at varying depths.
During dry season, the roots will seek water at lower levels and also obtain necessary plant
nutrients.

18. a. Give the troubleshooting chart of as disc harrows?

Trouble shooting:
S.No. Problem Causes Remedy
a. Disc not running level a. Adjust using levelling lever
b. Gangs improperly b. Set left hand and right hand
angled gang angle the same for single
Tractor forced to right, and double action harrows.
01. drawbar forced to the Reduce angle in front gang an
left(side draft) increase angle in rear gang in
offset harrow.
c. Too much left hand c. swing to the left
offset
 d. Parallel lift bar set d. Length parallel lift bar
wrong
a. Tractor overloaded a. Reduce angle, reduce depth
02. Excessive field slippage b. Not enough tractor b. Add weight or liquid
ballast
a. Too much left hand a. Switch to the left
offset
b. Tractor Wheel in b. Drive the tractor in un-
furrow, enlarging it worked ground
c. Disc too far from c. Keep the left front blade in
furrow furrow
03. Not filling furrow d. rear gang set wrong d. Move rear gang to right or
laterally left. The rear should be
centred in the space between
the left front blades
e. Rear gang cutting deep e. Install smaller blades(2″
less) on right rear
f. Not using furrow filler f. Use furrow filler
Hard ground, front Insert two leveller plates at
uneven left hand front and one at left
04. Uneven penetration
hand rear gang attaching
points
Extremely hard ground Swing hitch to the right.
Increase angle in front and
05. Poor penetration
rear gangs. Add weight on the
harrow
Disc unsteady (moves Too much angle in the Reduce front and rear gang
06. from one side to other gangs angles
side)
a. Frame not level a. Shorten or lengthen parallel
Inadequate transport lift bar
07. b. Tyre pressure too low b. Inflate tyre to correct tyre
clearance
pressure
a. Field too wet a. Disk very shallow on first
pass to speed drying
b. Gang set in maximum b. Reduce angle
angle
c. Not using Scrapers c. Install Scrapers
08. Gangs plugging
d. Scrapers worn out or d. Repair worn out ones.
not set properly Adjust scrapers close to
blades.
e. Disking too deep in e. Reduce penetration
damp soil
a. Hard ground a. Tighten clamp bolts
09. Gang frame slipping
b. Loose clamp bolts b. Tighten clamp bolts
 c. Clamp strap upside c. Turn the dished side of
down strap up
a. Improper assembly a. Remove any foreign matter
between gang parts
b. Improperly tightened b. Properly tighten with
10. Loose gang bolt
Torque wrench
c. Broken gang parts c. Check and replace broken
parts

18.b. Explain the constructions of a spring loaded type cultivator with a simple sketch?
Cultivators with spring loaded tynes:
A Tyne hinged to the frame and loaded with a spring so that it swings back when an
obstacle is encountered, is called spring loaded tyne. Each of the Tyne of this type of cultivator is
provided with heavy coil springs pre-tensioned to ensure minimum movement expect when an
obstacle is encountered. The spring operates, when the points strike roots or large stones by
allowing the lines to ride over the obstruction, thus preventing damage. On passing over the
obstruction, the tynes are automatically resets and work continues without interruption. The
tynes are made of high carbon steel and are held in proper alignment on the main frame
members. This type of cultivator is particularly recommended for soils which are embedded with
stones or stumps. A pair of gauge wheel is provided on the cultivator for controlling the depth of
operation. The cultivator may be fitted with 7, 9, 11, 13 tynes or more depending upon the
requirements.
 19. a. Explain the constructional features of a planter with neat sketch and its
components?
Constructional features of a planter:
The various components of a typical planter are as follows:
c. Seed box
a. Richmond hopper
b. Single seed cotton hopper
c. Reverse seed cotton hopper
d. Duplex hopper
d. Seed metering mechanism
a. Horizontal plate planter
b. Vertical plate planter
c. Inclined plate metering device
d. Belt with cell metering device
e. Pneumatic metering for precision planting
e. Seed delivery mechanism
a. Plain shank
b. High speed double valve
c. Rotary valve
f. Fertilizer metering device
c. Star wheel
d. Revolving bottom plate
g. Furrow opener
a. Variable depth furrow openers
b. Constant depth furrow openers
i. Runner type
ii. Disc openers
iii. Hoe type (Shovel openers)
iv. Lister type
h. Covering and compacting devices
a. Drag type
i. Flaps type
ii. Hoes type
b. Rotating type
i. Disc coverers and press wheel of different shapes like
a. Flat face
b. Round face
c. Solid rubber wheel
d. Pneumatic wheel with small lugs
e. Solid steel or rubber type narrow wheels
f. Open centre cast iron press wheel
i. Drive mechanism
1. Seed box:
Planters have small seed hoppers for each row. They are cylindrical in shape and smaller
in capacity because of the low seed rate. Hoppers are placed close to the ground at a height
varying from 30-50 cm, in order to reduce the time of travel from the metering unit to the furrow
to a minimum and to deposit the seed at low terminal velocity. Some of the most commonly used
seed hoppers for crops like maize, cotton and soybeans are discussed below.

1.a. Richmond hopper:

This hopper is designed to plant accurately all varieties of maize, but will also plant all
types if seed from tomato to beans. A large variety of seed plates and filler rings are available to
suit most seed requirements.

1.b. Single seed cotton hopper:

This is a horizontal plate hopper with different cell design and some extra features such as
agitator and a flexible leaf spring to force the seeds into individual cells.
1.c. Reverse seed cotton hopper:
Used only for planting cotton seeds. Two wheels rotating in opposite directions plus an
agitator perform the metering operation. The horizontal wheel rotates close to the bottom of the
hopper above the second wheel, which is a sprocket type picker wheel. The picker wheel is the
most common for handling un-delinted seeds of cotton which is planted thickly for subsequent
thinning.
1.d. Duplex hopper:
This hopper is divided into two sections to permit planting two kinds of seeds at the same
time, such as maize and beans, either alternatively or both at the same time. The same seed can
be used in both sections to be planted twice as thick. When desired, it is possible to use only one
section. Seed plates are available to plant almost any kind of seed besides cotton.
2. Seed metering device:
Planters are designed to drop seeds in the furrow one by one at uniform distance.
Metering devices for planters are classified as horizontal plate, inclined plate, vertical plate and
rotor type. These devices have notches, slots, cavity or cells on disc to catch the seed from a
hopper and release it to the seed tube. Simply by changing the seed metering device, a planter
can be used for different seeds.
2.a. Horizontal plate planter:
It is the most common type among cell type planter. The metering plate is surrounded by
a stationary outer ring, which forms the base of the cylinder hopper. The outer ring carries a
spring-loaded cut off device that rides over the top of the plate and limits the number of seeds per
cell. For planting more tender seeds, instead of a metal cut off, a brush cut off is used. A spring
loaded knock out pawls ejects the seeds from the cell into the delivery tube. A wide variety of
plates with different sizes and number of cells is necessary to meet the requirement of different
seeds and crops.
2.b. Vertical plate planter:
The rotor is placed vertically at the base of the seed hopper and has cells around the
periphery. The cells are made according to the size of the seeds and desired spacing. In some
cases rotor has cups instead of cells. The seeds are picked up and dropped one by one close to the
seed tube. For picking up single seeds the metering roller has a repeller roller or a baffle plate
and a knock off device at the end where the seed is dropped.
2.c. Inclined plate metering device:
The inclined plate is fitted inclined and it rotates at an angle of 60º with the horizontal.
The disc with cells around its periphery passes through the seed reservoir under a baffle plate
separated from the seed reservoir. This type of metering device is used for sowing legumes,
sorghum, peanuts, etc.,
2.d. Belt with cell metering device:
This type of metering device can be used for all kinds of seeds. It consists of an endless
belt with holes equal to the size of a seed provided at equal intervals. The seeds from the main
hopper enter a small hopper just above the metering belt, from where the seed occupies each cell
on the belt. A counter rotating roller on the belt pushes back surplus seeds so that only one seed
occupies each cell.
2.e. Pneumatic metering for precision planting:
This system is used for accurate metering of single seeds in precision planters. Accurate
placement of seed in soil ensures saving costly seeds, reduce the problem of thinning and the
crop yield is also higher as each plant gets the desired quantity of sunlight, water and nutrients.
This system uses air suction through a carefully sized hole on a moving seed plate to trap and
hold a single seed until it is released to the seed tube.

3. Seed delivery mechanism:

Seeds are metered and delivered from the hopper to the bottom of the furrow by anyone
of the following devices.
3.a. Plain shank: It is just a tube that connects the hopper to the furrow opener. This type of
shank will give good results when the hopper is close to the ground with short shank otherwise
seed spacing may vary due to the bouncing of seed against tube wall as well as on ground.
3.b. High speed double valve: Used in check row planters for maize and cotton. The upper valve
immediately below to the seed plate collects the number of seeds for the hill. As the upper valve
opens, the seeds fall to the lower valve located just above the soil surface, where they regroup
again. When the lower valve opens, the seeds are ejected into the furrow. The valves are opened
by power but closed by spring action.
3.c. Rotary valve: Used in hill drop planter. The rotor has three or four cups mounted on the rim
and is revolved by a chain, generally by the feed shaft. The cups catch the seeds discharged from
the hopper and carry them down the valve where they are closely grouped by a spring. When the
cup reaches the end of the spring the seeds are ejected into the furrow.
4. Fertilizer metering device: The device used in planters are:
a. Star wheel
b. Revolving bottom plate
5. Furrow openers:
Furrow openers are provided for opening furrows for the placement of seeds at uniform
depth and spacing. The depth of furrow depends upon the crop and soil moisture. Tractor
mounted planters have furrow openers either rigidly fixed to the frame or spring loaded. The
types of furrow openers used in planters are as follows
5.a. Variable depth furrow openers:
This type of furrow openers is used for planting cotton in areas where the uncertainty of
favourable weather for germination and growth of seed exists. This attachment places seed in
varying depth from the soil surface which means placing the grain under different soil moisture
and temperature conditions for germination. The basic design of the opener is very much like a
double disc. It has sections cut from each disc and when these discs revolve in unison they open
a furrow of variable depth.
5.b. Constant depth furrow opener:
5.b.i. Runner type:
The sword shaped furrow opener with the sharp edge cuts the soil in a neat furrow in the
soil with minimum disturbance up to shallow or medium depth. Due to its length it compact the
bottom of the furrow. They are commonly used for maize, cotton and vegetable planters

5.b.ii. Disc openers:

It is suitable for hard and trashy ground. It works more satisfactorily in wet and sticky
soils when compared with other openers. They are more adaptable to shallow and medium
seeding. Double disc openers are more common than single disc openers. The seed boot is placed
in between the discs.

.
5.b.iii. Hoe type:
The hoe type is narrow and pointed. It is used for deep placement of seed in hard soil if it
is relatively free of thrash. They are more suitable for stony and root infested soils. They require
more power than disc or runner openers.
5.b.iv. Lister type:
It is used for deep planting and at the same time leaves soil ridges to reduce soil drifting.
6. Covering and compacting devices:
A covering device should place moist soil in contact with the seeds, press the soil firmly
around the seeds, cover them to proper depth, and yet leave the soil directly above the row loose
enough to minimise crusting and promote easy emergence.
There are two types of covering and compacting devices used in planters they are drag
type (fixed type) and rotary type. Among drag type blades, flaps or hoes are most popular. These
types are adjustable or spring loaded. The rotating type devices include disc coverers and press
wheels of different shapes viz flat face, round face, solid rubber wheel, and pneumatic wheel
with small lugs are used for different conditions. Solid steel or rubber type narrow wheels should
be used under low moisture conditions. In other cases open centre cast iron press wheels are to
be used.

7. Drive mechanism:
The metering mechanism of a
planter is ground driven, mostly from the
transport wheel or from the press wheels.
Power is taken from the wheels to one or
two transversal shafts that will drive the
planting unit and fertilizer applicator and
at the same time give a wide range of
drive ratios. Power can be taken from one
or both of the transport wheels. Seed
spacing or planting rate can be varied by
changing the drive ratio between the
clutch shaft and counter shaft. A clutch is
provided in the transversal shaft to
disengage planting and fertilizing unit
during idle operation. The clutch
automatically operates when raising or
lowering the planter. Parallel to the
transversal shaft, there is usually a
counter shaft that drives the planting unit
by means of chains or bevel gears.

19.b. Explain the procedure to calibrate the seed drill?

Calibration of Seed drill
Purpose or Need of Calibration:
The purpose or need of calibration is to obtain the required seed rate per hectare or per
acre of the crops to be planted.
Procedure:
1. Jack up the seed drill and mark a reference point on the ground wheel.
2. Measure the diameter of ground wheel. Let us say it is ‘D’ meter
3. Measure the working width of the drill or planter let us say it is ‘W’ meter
=
Where,
n = number of tynes
d = distance between two tynes in meter
4. Workout the circumference of ground wheel (π x D)
5. Assume that the planter or drill has to be used in a field having length x breath as 100 x
100 sq. Meter.
6. Workout the revolution of the ground wheel required to travel a distance of 100 m
= 100/( × ) =
7. Now give the ‘X’ revolution to the wheel and collect the seeds from all the furrow
openers separately. Weigh all the collected seed separately. It should be noted that there
should not be large variation in the weight of the seed collected from the different furrow
openers. Let’s the total weight of the seeds collected from all furrow openers is ‘P’ kg.
8. Workout the total number of revolutions required to cover one hectare of field
100 × 100
= =
× ×
9. Workout the total amount of seed for ‘Y’ revolutions.
10. For ‘X’ revolutions ‘P’ kg of seed are collected. Therefore for ‘Y’ revolutions
=( ÷ )× =
Thus by substituting the values of ‘P’ and ‘X’ revolutions and we can obtain the quantity of seed
to be used in the field. Thus the process is repeated by suitably adjusting the lever on the
indexing device till we get the seed rate recommended for a particular crop under planting or
sowing.
 20. a. Explain with a neat sketch the construction, operation, uses and maintenance of
(i) Hand Compression sprayer (ii) Knapsack sprayer
(i). Hand compression sprayer:
1. Components:
The components of a hand compression sprayer are as follows:
1. A tank with charge pump
2. Filler hole and cap
3. Back rest
4. Discharge tube with cut-off cock
5. Two shoulder straps
6. Delivery hose 100cm long, both ends fitted with flexible coupling
7. Spray lance consisting of cut-off valve, extension rod and a spray nozzle
8. A filling funnel with strainer and
9. A pressure gauge

2. Operation:
Fill the tank with spray liquid about 2/3rd capacity. Replace the filler cap keeping the
gasket at its seat. Disengage the plunger and charge in sufficient air, the pressure gauge should
register 50 – 60 psi. Hang the sprayer comfortably on the back and start spraying.
The air pump present in the sprayer compresses air into the empty space in the tank. The
pressurised air forces the liquid along the delivery hose to the lance and nozzle. Initially the
pressure is high, but as the liquid is sprayed, the pressure falls; again we have to charge in
sufficient air by disengaging the plunger and pumping.
 If wetable powder is used, it is necessary to shake the sprayer occasionally to prevent
suspension, as no other agitation is provided.
3. Uses or Functions:
1. Used for spraying pesticides on:
i. Potato
ii. Cotton
iii. Paddy
iv. Jute
v. Groundnut
vi. Sugarcane etc.,
2. Used for mosquito control in
i. Livestock and
ii. Poultry houses.
4. Maintenance:
Following are the regular maintenance activities to be carried out on a Hand compression
sprayer for its efficient and effective functioning
1. After the day’s work, operate the sprayer with clean water and spray it out.
2. Detach the delivery hose, the extension rod and nozzle. Clean them well and keep it
along the pump in a safe place.
3. Check the cup leather. Oil it occasionally. Do not allow it to dry or wrinkle.
(ii). Knapsack sprayer:

1. Construction:
The major components of Knapsack sprayer are as follows:
1. Tank with pump
2. Lever connecting rod
3. Strainer cup in filler hole
 4. Two shoulder straps
5. Operating handle
6. Delivery hose, one end fitted with the coupling elbow and the other end fitted with the
trigger shut off
7. Extension rod and
8. Cone mist spray nozzle
Lever operated knapsack sprayer use piston pump or diaphragm pump. Piston pump is
used for high pressure spraying and the diaphragm type is suitable for suspension type chemicals
because the movement of diaphragms cause agitation of chemicals in the tank. The suspension
type chemicals will cause erosion on pump piston.
2. Operation:
1. Fill the tank through the strainer with spraying chemical and replace the cap. The tank
can be filled to a maximum of 16 litres of liquid
2. Carry the tank on the back as high as you can. Operate the handle with the right hand
holding the spray lance by the left hand for spraying. Provision is sometimes made for
changing the operating lever from one side to the other hand side
3. A few strokes will create enough pressure to start spraying
4. While operating the sprayer, the liquid is drawn through a valve to the pump chamber
with the first stroke
5. With the return of the lever, liquid in pump chamber is forced past another chamber to a
pressure chamber.
6. The first valve is closed during this operation to prevent the return of liquid
7. Air is trapped in part of the pressure chamber and compressed, as liquid is forced into the
chamber
8. This compressed air forces the liquid from the pressure chamber through a hose to the
nozzle
9. The pressure chamber is provided to eliminate pulsation and give a uniform spray
10. The pressure developed depends on the pump and it varies from 3 – 12 kg/cm2
3. Uses or Function:
1. Knapsack sprayer is used for spraying of chemicals on the following crops
a. Low crops
b. Vegetable crops
c. Nursery stock
d. Shrubs
e. Small trees
2. It is useful for spot treatment
3. It is used to apply chemicals residential buildings
4. Maintenance:
Following are the regular maintenance activities to be carried out on a Knapsack sprayer
for its efficient and effective functioning
1. After the day’s work, operate the sprayer with clean water and spray it out.
2. Detach the delivery hose, the extension rod and nozzle. Clean them well and keep it
along the pump in a safe place.
3. Always use well strained spray chemicals.
4. Check the cup leather. Oil it occasionally. Do not allow it to dry or wrinkle.
5. Occasionally oil the moving parts and the spring.
20.b. Explain the troubles occurring in various plant protection equipments and state the
remedial measures?
Troubles occurring in various plant protection equipments:
Name of the
Sl.No Trouble/Problem Cause Remedy
equipment
Spray fluid leaks along the The packing twine Replace it
Single barrel
01. sides of piston rod during below the barrel
stirrup pump
working cap has got worn
i. The plunger rod of the i. Leakage in i. Clean the
pump gets pushed up delivery valve valve and
automatically after the seat, replace if
Double barrel
02. downward stroke worn it
stirrup pump
ii. The spray liquid is not ii. Due to rupturing ii. Replace it
discharged properly during of delivery tube at
the pressure stroke some places
i. Water leaks along the i. The locknut of i. Tighten it
sides of the plunger during the piston is loose
operation
Rocking ii. PVC piston does not ii. Locknut of the ii. Loosen it
03.
sprayer move freely in the pump piston is tight
iii. The pressure chamber iii. Rubber washer iii. Change it
not retains pressure required below the pressure
for efficient spraying chamber has worn,
i. Spray liquid leaks along i. Loose Gland nuti. Tighten the
the sides of the plunger rod or worn out
gland nut, if
during operation packing twine of necessary
Foot pump the gland nut change the
04.
sprayer packing twine
ii. Paddle does not return ii. Paddle return ii. Change the
upward after the downward spring week paddle return
stroke spring
Knapsack Spray liquid is properly Weak or cracked Change the
05. sprayer with a delivered only during the delivery tube delivery tube
single barrel pressure stroke
i.The plunger rod of the i.Check valve leaks i.Clean it, if
pump gets pushed up necessary
automatically after the replace it
Compression downward stroke
06.
sprayer ii.Restriction is felt during ii.Check valve ii. Clean it, if
the downward stroke leaks and liquid necessary
goes to pump replace it
barrel
i.Dust is not discharged on i.Restriction in i.Clean the
operating the duster suction pipe or suction pipe
07. Rotary Duster
obstruction in the and tighten
movement of the feeding
 feeding brush brush on the
shaft
ii.Blower movement ii.Bush or ball ii.Replace it
obstruct with case bearing has worn
out
Dust is not discharged Clogging of the Clean the
holes in the wire holes in wire
08. Plunger duster gauge or worn out gauge or
rubber bucket of replace worn
the plunger out part

21.a. Explain various threshing drums with neat sketch?

Types of threshing drums used in the machine
i. Drummy type
ii. Beater or Hammer mill type
iii. Syndicator type
iv. Spike tooth type
v. Wire loop type
vi. Rasp bar type and
vii. Axial flow type
i. Drummy type:
It consists of beaters mounted on a shaft which rotates inside a closed casing. The concave is
made up of square bars. A blower is mounted on a square shaft, which gets drive through a flat
belt. The blower blows out the chaff while the grain and other heavy material falls down. No
other cleaning or grading device is provided.
ii. Beater or Hammer mill type:
It is a modification of Drummy type. It is provided with aspirator blower at the main grain outlet
for final cleaning. Sieve shaker assembly is also provided below the concave. It is suitable for
wheat and consumes more power.
iii. Syndicator type:
It consists of a flywheel with corrugations on its periphery and sides which rotates inside a
closed casing and concave. The cutter blades have serrated edge to prevent slippage of dry stalk
while shearing through it. The crop is fed axially to the threshing drum, where it is chopped into
20 cm length pieces. The chopped crop material is further thrashed. Blower and sieves are
provided to cleaning.
iv. Spike tooth type:
All paddy threshers are provided with this type of cylinders. Spikes are mounted on the periphery
of the cylinder. As the cylinder rotates its teeth pass between the stationery teeth of concave. The
teeth tear and shred the grain head of the crop material passed between them. The concave unit is
made up of square bars and is more aggressive than other types. It is provided with cleaning
sieves and aspirator type blower.
v. Rasp bar type:
It consists of number of corrugated steel bars mounted axially on the periphery of the cylinder,
the corrugations on the bars run opposite on adjacent bars. Corrugations provide rubbing or
rasping action on the crop as it passes through the threshing area. Blower fan and straw walker
are provided as cleaning system.
vi. Axial flow type:
It consists of a spike tooth cylinder, wire woven mesh concave and upper casing provided with
helical louvers in such a manner that the crop inside moves from one end to the other during
threshing. Feeding is through one end and a straw outlet is provided at the other end of the
cylinder. The blower and shaker assembly gets power from the cylinder shaft through V-belt.
vii. Wire loop type:
Wire loops are provided on the periphery of a closed type cylinder and woven wire mesh is
provided at the bottom
 21. b. Explain the operation, performance of combine and its maintenance?
Combine operation:
The operator must know the following points for the better operation and to have a good
result from a harvester.
1. Types of losses
2. Sources of losses and
3. How to reduce them
Types of losses:
The various losses occurring in a harvester are as follows
a. Un-cut heads of standing crop (pre-harvest losses)
b. Falling down of the heads of cut crop
c. Shattering losses
d. Un-threshed grain
e. Breakage of grain
Sources of losses:
The various source of losses are given below
i. Cutter bar loss: It is caused due to the following two reasons. They are
a. Grain shattered out by reel.
b. Heads of grain thrown out by the reel
ii. Cylinder loss: Damage of grain due to insufficient clearance between concave and
cylinder. Cylinder losses should be less than 1%
iii. Rack loss: Grains not separated from straw passes over the rack. This loss should
remain between 0.2% and 0.4%
iv. Shoe loss: Grain that is carried over the rear of the sieves with chaff and blown out of
the combine. This loss should remain between 0.2% and 0.4%
v. Any leakage of grain from covers.
In general the accumulated loss from all the sources varies between 1% and 4%.
How to reduce losses: The causes of losses are
1. Faulty Machine setting
2. Condition of crop in terms of moisture content
1. Machine setting: The various machine settings are as follows

a. Machine speed adjustment: Follow the manufacturer’s operator manual. Machine speed
may be given as beater shaft speed, engine speed at rated rpm, blower speed, threshing
cylinder speed etc.,

b. Cylinder speed and concave clearance adjustments: Decides rack and shoe losses. Too
slow cylinder speed or too wide concave clearance may result in back feeding at cylinder.
A compromise between cylinder speed and concave clearance should be maintained.

c. Adjust cutter bar height: Height of cut should be in such way that there should not be too
much crop residue left in the field and at the same time much material will overload the
rack.

d. Reel adjustment: The reel may be adjusted for speed, height and position forward or
rearward.
 e. Adjust forward speed: Do not use throttle to change ground speed. Driving too fast
increase rack losses, increase shattering losses and results in uneven height of cut.

f. Adjust the cleaning sieves and fan blast: the various adjustments to be done are as
follows
h) Chaffer opening adjustment
i) Chaffer height adjustment
j) Chaffer extension opening adjustment
k) Chaffer extension height adjustment
l) The shoe sieve opening adjustment
m) Blower adjustment
n) Tail board adjustment
b)
g. Cutter bar adjustments: The various parts of cutter bar needed adjustments are
e) Guard alignment
f) Knife clips
g) Wearing plate
h) Sickle register
b)
2. Condition of crop in terms of moisture content:
In general, seed damage increases as the moisture content is reduced, below 14%
moisture content more shattering and cutter bar losses may take place.
Combine performance:
Terminology:
1. Combine capacity: It is the maximum sustained total feed rate measured in kg/sec or
tones/hr at which the rack loss and shoe loss are within the acceptable limits, while the
combine is operating at rated speed on level ground.

2. Total feed rate: It is the sum of grain feed rate and material other than grain feed rate.

3. Rate of work: Area covered (ha) by a combine in unit time. Ha/hr.

4. Grain throughput: It is sum of net grain output in main grain outlet plus the grain loss
through header, rack and shoe etc per unit time. Kg/hr.
5. Straw throughput: It is the mass of straw and chaff delivered by the combine in unit time.
Kg/hr.

6. Crop throughput: It is the maximum sustained total feed rate in standing crop when the
combine is operated at recommend speed on level ground without choking of threshing,
separating, cleaning and grain conveying mechanism and without stalling of the prime
mover.

7. Pre-harvest loss: The loss of grain or ear heads from the standing crop prior to the
operation of combine in the field.

kg
Pre − harvest grain x 100
ha
% Pre − harvest loss =
kg
Total grain output ( )
ha
 8. Processing loss: The damaging of the grain, un-threshing of grain, loss of threshed grain
and un-threshed grain after completion of threshing, separating and cleaning.

9. Losses: Before starting the harvesting operation, the combine should be adjusted
according to the crop condition. While harvesting the operator must check for the amount
of losses. If the losses are more than the acceptable level, he/she must reduce them by
adjusting the necessary components. Again the operator must check and ensure that the
losses are within the acceptable limit. The checking must continue occasionally during
the entire harvesting operation. The various kinds of loss are as follows:

a. Collectable loss: It is the un-threshed and broken grain in the main outlet or grain
tank.

i. Un-threshed grain: Grain still in the pods or ear heads after threshing

[Un − threshed grain in the tank x 100]

Un − threshed loss (%) =
Total grain in the tank

ii. Broken grain: Wholly or partially cracked or broken grains

[Broken grain in the tank x 100]

Broken loss (%) =
Total grain in the tank

b. Non-collectable loss: It is sum of Header loss, Shoe loss and Rack loss
i. Header loss: The grain and ear heads left in the field as a result of operation of
cutter bar and header unit.

Cutter bar loss (%) = [Cutter bar loss (kg/ha) x 100] / Total grain to be harvested
ii. Straw rack loss: The un-threshed grain passing out in the straw outlet

iii. Sieve loss: The threshed grain blown or carried out with chaff

Processing loss
= Total collactable loss + Total non − collectable loss (straw outlet
+ sieve outlet

Total combine loss (%) = Total collectable loss + total non − collectable loss

Grain through put (GTP)gm

= Weight of threshed, unthreshed and broken grain (grain outlet
+ straw oulet + sieve outlet) + Weight of grain loss by header
 t kg kg
Crop through put = [Grain through put + Straw through put ( )]/100
h h h
Where,
GTP = {GTP(g)x3.6}/time(sec)

kg [Wt. of straw(grain outlet + straw outlet& sieve outlet)x 3.6]

Straw through put =
h (sec)

[Wt. of grain(grain outlet + straw outlet + sieve outlet)x 100]

Threshing efficiency(%) =
Wt. of grain(threshed and un − threshed)
Cleaning effiency (%)
= 100 − weight of rubbish found in the tank (in a sample of 100 gm. )
Measurement of Combine losses: To measure the various losses the combine must be operated at
the constant speed.

Pre-harvest losses:
Mark 1 meter length area having a width equal to the full or half width of cutter bar in the
direction of travel of the combine harvester. Pick up all loose grains, complete or incomplete ear
heads fallen in the marked area before operating the machine and calculate the pre-harvest losses
in kg/ha.
Header loss:
Operate the combine in the marked area, where the pre-harvest losses were determined
and pick up manually the loose grains, complete or incomplete ear heads on the marked area.
Care must be taken that no material falls down from the combine over marked areas.
Straw walker and shoe loss:
To find out the straw walker and shoe loss, collect straw and chaff leaving the machine
separately on sheets or cloth for 20m run.
Maintenance:
Maintenance at proper time and proper techniques increases the workability, quality of
work and life of machine.
Before starting operation:
Preparation of combine harvester before the start of harvest season.
1. Clean diesel tank and top up with clean diesel.
2. Change all diesel filter elements.
3. Change the oil and oil filter.
4. Check and reset tappet clearance.
5. Check the injection pressure and spray of the injection.
6. Change air cleaner oil, clean air cleaner bowl and refill it with recommended grade of oil.
7. Change hydraulic oil and top-up with the recommended grade of oil.
8. Change sieves and straw walker.
9. Check battery for its voltage, electrolyte level and gravity. If required add distilled water.
10. Lubricate all greasing points.
11. Check oil in transmission and hydraulic system.
12. Check the flat belts, V-belts and roller chains for proper tension.
13. Check water level in the radiator. Use only fresh and clean water.
14. Check the tyre pressure and inflate it if required.
 15. Check all nuts and bolts for their proper torque and locking.
16. Check clearance between feeder bottom and feeder angle.
17. Check clearance between cutter bar pan and conveyor worm.
18. Check the clearance between threshing drum and concave at front and rear.
19. Check all electrical components for their proper functioning.
20. Start the engine and check (a) leakages of diesel, hydraulic, engine oil and (b) engine oil-
pressure, battery charging rate, system running.
21. Check all types of bearings in the combine.
22. Check welding joints and broken components for replacement.
Eight hours maintenance:
1. Grease as per greasing schedule.
2. Clean pre cleaner of air cleaner.
3. Check air cleaner oil. If needed change it with right grade of oil.
4. Check the water in radiator.
5. Check for leakage and rectify if any defect.
Daily maintenance:
1. Clean the machine and engine from dust and straw particles.
2. Complete 8 hrs. Maintenance and it is essential to clean the air cleaner bowl and to
change the oil.
3. Check engine oil and top up if required.
4. Check the tension of V-belts, flat belt and roller chains, adjust if required.
5. Check tyre pressure and reset if required.
6. Top up diesel in diesel tank, always use clean and pure diesel.
7. Check the condition of knife blades and replace the damaged ones.
8. Check and tighten loose nuts and bolts.
9. Clean sieves, stone trap and straw walker.
10. Grease as per greasing scheduling.
11. Check and rectify welded joints and cracks.
12. Check oil level in the hydraulic tank and top up, if required.
13. Start the engine, fun the machine for a few minutes, then check for any leakage, battery
charging, engine oil pressure, engine RPM, system running, any abnormal sound from the
system.
50 hours maintenance:
1. Repeat 8 hours and daily maintenance.
2. Open drain plug of fuel filter and drain dirty fuel.
3. Check fuel filter and replace if clogged.
4. Check water separator.
5. Check oil level in fuel injection pump and top up.
6. Check oil level in the gear box and reduction, top up, if required.
7. Check battery electrolyte level and top up if required.
8. Check vent plugs of the battery and clean.
9. Bleed the engine system and run the engine.
10. Check engine and chassis mounting bolts.
After 150 hours maintenance:
1. Perform daily and 50 hours maintenance.
 2. Start the engine for few minutes and drain engine oil and refill with recommended grade
of engine oil.
3. Change oil and fuel filters.
4. Change the water in the radiator.
5. Check and reset tappet clearance, if required.
. After 300 hours maintenance:
1. Perform daily, 50 hours and 150 hours maintenance.
2. Check engine oil in the gear box, reduction, steering column and hydraulic tank.
3. Check injector for correct opening pressure and spray.
4. Tighten engine head bolts and nuts.