THE GUESSING GAME

1) This is red    1) This is cute

 2) We can eat it                      2) It is black and white

                     3) It lives in China
3) This is a fruit
 
 
   1) This is a beautiful city in Europe
1) This has four legs
                     2) It has a tall tower
 2) We can see it in this                     3)
room People go there to study art
3) We can sit on it  
1) American people like it 1) This is black
       2) It is a sport                      2) It is from America
       3) I play it in the yard                      3) We can drink it

1) This is shining 1) This is round and flat

       2) It is in the sky.                      2) It is shiny
                     3) I can listen to music on it
       3) We can’t see it at night
WHAT IS AN ARGUMENT?

-a group of statements, in which

some of them (the premise) are
intended to support another
statement (the conclusion).
An argument is not a quarrel,
bickering, or verbal fighting of
any kind. When we use the word
argument in logic, this is not
what we mean.
Two types of Argument or Reasoning

1. Deductive Reasoning
2. Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning

-is usually an argument where the

conclusion is inferred from one or more
premises.
- starts out with a general statement, or
hypothesis and examines the possibilities to
reach a specific, logical conclusion.
- It is the process of reaching a conclusion
by applying general assumptions, procedures,
or principles.
Examples:

1. All men are mortal. Socrates is a man.

Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

2. All teachers are funny. Karen is a teacher.

Therefore, Karen is funny.

3. Rectangle has 4 sides. Square is a rectangle.

Therefore, square has 4 sides.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING - TOP DOWN LOGIC
Deductive Validity

-a deductive reasoning is valid just in

case the truth of its premises would
absolutely guarantee the truth of its
conclusion.
-impossible for the premises to be true
and the conclusion to false.
4. Any student knows their teacher’s name will
get plus points. Maria knows her teacher’s full
name. Therefore, Maria will get plus points.

5. Instruction on the exam said to use blue or

black colored ball pen. Joy uses pencil.
Therefore, Joy didn’t follow the instruction.
6. This dog always barks when someone is at the
door. The dog didn’t bark. Therefore, there’s
no one at the door.

7. Sam goes whenever Ben goes. Ben went to the

library. Therefore, Sam also went to the library.
Logic Puzzles

This is derived from the mathematics

field of deduction. It can be solved by
using deductive reasoning and by
organizing the data in a given situation.
A logic puzzle is basically a description
of an event or any situation. Using the
clues provided, one has to piece
together what actually happened.
Example:

Three musicians appeared at a concert. Their last names were

Benton, Lanier, and Rosario. Each plays only one of the
following instruments: guitar, piano, or saxophone.
1. Benton and the guitar player arrived at the concert
together.
2. The saxophone player performed before Benton.
3. Rosario wished the guitar player good luck.
Who played each instrument?
2. Anna is a teacher and her cousins are a banker, a
salesperson, and an engineer. All of them sit in a round
table. Anna sits on Melody’s left after the engineer.
Chinky sits at the banker’s right. Katherine, who faces
Melody, is not the salesperson. Determine the seating
arrangement and occupations of the cousins
Inductive Reasoning

- while deductive reasoning implies

logical certainty, inductive reasoning
only gives you a reasonable probability.
- It is the process of reaching a
general conclusion by examining
specific examples.
Examples:

1. 90% of the student in the VSU knows how to

play basketball. Angel is a Viscan. Therefore,
Angel knows how to play basketball.

2. You’re a soccer player and you are tall.

Therefore all soccer players must be tall
INDUCTIVE REASONING – BOTTOM UP LOGIC
Inductive Validity

-inductive reasoning is one where the

conclusion does not necessarily
follow from the premises, but rather,
it probably follows from premises.

-it is possible that the premises could

be true and the conclusion be false.
4. Cristina graduated as summa cum laude. Her
husband Roberto graduated as cum laude.
Therefore, their children must be either summa
cum laude or cum laude.

5. My students only knew “Act It Out” strategy

since we did an activity during the class. Next
meeting, I must do some hands-on activities so
that they’ll understand the discussion.
6. Every time I see my crush I feel happy. I’m
lonely now so I need to see him/her to make
me happy.

7. My chemistry teacher told us today that salt is

sodium-chloride. So, all of this salty food has
chlorine in it.

8. Every time I take a test in math, I fail it. I am

taking a math test today. I will fail my test
today.
Determine if each of the following statement uses
inductive or deductive reasoning.

IR 1. Teacher Erica is an enthusiastic and passionate

teacher. Therefore, all teachers are enthusiastic
and passionate.
DR 2. All dogs are animals. Dhai is a dog. Thus, Dhai is an
animal.
IR 3. I got low score on the first long exam. I just
recently took the second long exam and I got low
score. Therefore, I will also get a low score on the
third long exam.
Determine if each of the following statement uses
inductive or deductive reasoning.

IR 4. My classmates are disrespectful toward our

instructor. Hence, all students are disrespectful.
5. Last Wednesday it was raining. Today is Wednesday
IR and it is raining. Therefore, on the next Wednesday, it
will also rain.
DR 6. For any right triangle, the Pythagorean Theorem
holds. ABC is a right triangle, therefore for ABC the
Pythagorean Theorem holds.