Intermolecular Forces:

Attraction in Molecular Level

Our Objectives! Aside sa dapat maka-pangasawa kamu… 

 a. Describe the characteristic properties that differentiate gases, liquids, and

solids.
 b. Identify the molecular behavior responsible for each property of gases, liquids,
and solids.
 c. Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces.
 d. Predict the intermolecular forces possible for a molecule.
 e. Rank molecules according to strength of intermolecular forces.
 f. Illustrate the interactions of multiple molecules of a compound.
Recalling the Past… Kunwari my naalala kayo…

1. All matter is made of tiny particles.

2. These particles are in constant motion.
3. The speed of particles is proportional to temperature. Increased
temperature means greater speed.
4. Solids, liquids, and gases differ in distances between particles, in the
freedom of motion of particles, and in the extent to which the particles
interact.
States of Matter
 Comparison of gases, liquids, and solids.

– Gases are compressible fluids. Their molecules are widely separated.

– Liquids are relatively incompressible fluids. Their molecules are more
tightly packed.
– Solids are nearly
incompressible and
rigid. Their
molecules or ions
are in close contact
and do not move.
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules.
(Example: water molecule to water molecule)
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together within in a molecule.
(Example: H to O bond within a water molecule).

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular
• 41 kJ to vaporize 1 mole of water (inter)
• 930 kJ to break all O-H bonds in 1 mole of water (intra)

Generally, intermolecular
forces are much weaker
than intramolecular forces.
Intermolecular Model Basis of Energy Example
Force Attraction (kJ/mol) 7

       
Ion-dipole
                    Ion and polar
molecule
600 – 40 Na+ &
H2O

Dipole-dipole                     Partial charges of 25 – 5

polar molecules
HCl &
HCl

Hydrogen                    H bonded to N, 40 – 10 H2O &

bond O, or F, and NH3
another N, O, or
F

London                       Induced dipoles 40 – 0.05 Xe &

dispersion of polarizable Xe
molecules
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES

 Fritz London

 These are forces that arise

as a result of temporary
dipoles induced in the atoms
or molecules
 All molecules have some
degree of LD forces
9
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES

 LD forces occur between neutral non-polar molecules. (nobles gases

and nonpolar compounds)

 LD forces are weak

 The greater the number of electrons the greater the LD force. (ie the
greater the melting and boiling pt.)

 LD force molecules have Low melting and boiling pts

 London Dispersion Forces: Weakest

The larger the molecule the greater

it’s Dispersion Forces are.
The boiling point of long molecules increase with the
length of the carbon chain.
 How molecular shape affects the strength of the
Dispersion Forces
The shapes of the molecules also matter. Long thin molecules can develop bigger
temporary dipoles due to electron movement than short fat ones containing the
same numbers of electrons.

                                                                                                                                 
                           

Butane has a higher boiling point because the dispersion forces are greater.
Try this one!
 Which has greater London Dispersion force, argon or xenon?

 Which has greater London Dispersion force,

A. CH3CH2CH3
B. CH3CH3
Dipole-Dipole
Forces
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES

 These are forces of attraction that occur between polar molecules. (big
difference in electron negativity)

 These forces are effective only when polar molecules are very close. As
distance increase strength of bond decreases.

 For molecules of approximately equal mass and size, the strength of

force of attraction increases as the polarity increases.

 Radius have an effect on strength of dipole.

 Is the Molecule Polar?

The more electronegative atom will pull the electron density of

the bond closer to itself; giving it a partial negative charge
leaving the other atom with a partially positive charge.
This is a dipole moment.
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
_

_
+
+

_ +

_ +
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
 Molecules with larger dipole moments
have higher melting and boiling points
(hard to break) than those with small
dipole moments.

 Dipole attractions are relatively weak

and tend to be liquids or gas at room
temperature.

19
Which of the following molecules are polar?
(have a dipole moment)
H2O, CO2, SO2, and CH4
O S O
H
H O
dipole moment dipole moment
polar molecule polar molecule

H C H
O C O

no dipole moment H
nonpolar molecule no dipole moment
nonpolar molecule
 Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between polar molecules

Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid

Dipole Forces occur between molecules containing a dipole
moment.
The positive end of the dipole moment on one mole is attracted
to the negative end of the dipole moment on a nearby
molecule.
Figure 10-11
2-methyl propane
(left) and acetone (right)
Both compounds are about
equal in size and shape
 Ion-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule

Ion-Dipole Interaction

The larger the charge the stronger the force

11.2
A molecular picture showing the ion-dipole
Interaction that helps a solid ionic crystal dissolve
in water. The arrows indicate ion-dipole interactions.
What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist between each
of the following molecules?

HBr
HBr is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are
also dispersion forces between HBr molecules.

CH4
CH4 is nonpolar: dispersion forces.
S O
SO2 O
SO2 is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are
also dispersion forces between SO2 molecules.
HYDROGEN BOND
STRONGEST
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCE
 water has
water
water
thehashas
water
thehas
highest
water theheat
has highest
highest
the the
heat
lowest highest
of
of fusion
melting
molar vaporization
mass point
boiling point

The melting point, boiling point, heat of fusion and heat of

vaporization of water are extremely high and do not fit the trend
of properties relative to molar mass within Group VIA.
Water exhibits these unusual properties because
of hydrogen bonding between water molecules.
• A hydrogen bond is an intermolecular bond.

• A hydrogen bond is formed between polar molecules that contain

hydrogen covalently bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom:
F, O, N.

F—H
O—H
N—H
• It will be attracted to another F, O, or N, on another molecule.
• A dipole-dipole bond will be formed between the two
molecules which is called a hydrogen bond.

hydrogen
bond
covalent
bond
covalent
bond
Water in the liquid and solid states exists as groups in which the
water molecules are linked together by hydrogen bonds.
WHY HYDROGEN BONDING IS
EFFECTIVE???
 F, O, & N are extremely small and very electronegative
atoms.

 Hydrogen atoms have no inner core of electrons,

therefore, the positive side of the bond dipole has the
concentrated charge of the partially exposed, nearly bare
proton of the nucleus

 …in other words, the atoms have a large difference in

electronegativity and their nuclei can get really close.
IMPORTANCE OF HYDROGEN
BONDING
 Areimportant biologically, in stabilizing
proteins and keeping DNA together.

 Also explains why ice is less dense than water