BANDPASS

LEAPFROG DESIGN
 LEAPFROG FILTERS
• A leapfrog filter is a type of active circuit electronic filter that simulates a passive electronic ladder
filter.
• Other names for this type of filter are active-ladder or multiple feedback filter.
• The arrangement of feedback loops in the signal flow-graph of the simulated ladder filter inspired the
name leapfrog filter, which was coined by Girling and Good.
• The structure has been named the leapfrog structure because of the way the schematic of the resulting
network appears.
• We are taking an LC ladder structure shown in figure 1.1.
• Since it is an all-pole network, each of the series and shunt arms contains only one element, either a
capacitor or an inductor.
Figure 1.1 Illustration of the formulation of the I − V equations in an LC ladder, where Yi represents the
admittances of the series arms and Zi the impedances of the shunt arms.
shunt arms can be written in a simple way. Thus,
I1 = (V1 − V2)Y1
I3 = (V2 − V4)Y3 (1.1)
I5 = (V4 − V6)Y5
etc.
and
V2 = (I1 − I3)Z2
V4 = (I3 − I5)Z4 (7.14) (1.2)
etc.
LEAPFROG BAND-PASS FILTERS

The leapfrog technique discussed for LP filter is also applicable to BP filters with zeros at

the origin and at infinity. This includes, for example, a series resonance network in
the series arm and/or a parallel resonance network in the shunt arm of the ladder
filter.
LEAPFROG TECHNIQUE
DISCUSSED ABOVE IS ALSO
APPLICABLE TO BP FILTERS
WITH ZEROS AT THE ORIGIN
AND AT INFINITY.

THIS INCLUDES A SERIES

RESONANCE NETWORK IN THE
SERIES ARM AND/OR A
PARALLEL RESONANCE
NETWORK IN THE SHUNT ARM
OF THE LADDER FILTER.

FIGURES 1.4A AND 1.4B SHOW

THESE TWO CASES WITH THE .
CORRESPONDING Y AND Z
FUNCTIONS. IN THE
INTERMEDIATE LOCATIONS OF
THE LADDER, WE HAVE RI → 0
AND RJ → ∞.
Fig.1.5 A normalized band-pass filter with series LCR and shunt
LC elements
Leapfrog implementation of the BP filter
using the Tow–Thomas Biquad modules
 A Tow–Thomas network with the summing capability at the input, which will also afford this special
condition (namely, Qp → ∞), is shown in below figure
 For implementation of leapfrog BandPass filter ,Tow thomas biquad moudles
method is used. In below Example:-

Figure:-A normalized band-pass filter with series Figure:-Leapfrog implementation of the BP filter
LCR and shunt LC elements using the Tow–Thomas biquad, modules

Normal Bandpass filter to Leapfrog BP filter conversion by using Tow-Thomas biquad method
Design of two single amplifier biquads(SABs)
for simulating an LC doubly terminated bandpass
ladder .
Low pass to Band pass filter design
Figures showing transformation from low pass to
band pass filter
For shunt and series branch
IMPLEMENT USING CIRCUIT
For shunt Arm(inverting)
Final result we get
For series arm(non inverting)
Final result we get
• So we implemented band pass filter and found the values of different
components in modules.
Thank you