Cellular Perspective

Submitted to:
Ma’am Maria Athar
Submitted by:
Eishah Khalid
Roll no. : 31
2nd Semester (A)
Cellular Locomotion:
Cell movement is both internal, referred to as
cytoplasmic streaming, and external, referred as motility.
 Internal Movement:
Governed by actin filament and other
components of the cytoskeleton. It is known as cytoplasmic
streaming.
 External Movement:
Determined by special organelles for locomotion
which could be pseudopodia , cilia and flagella.
Cellular Locomotion

• Flagellar movement
• Amoeboid movement
• Ciliary movement
 Amoeboid movement:
• Amoeboid movement is
the most common mode
of locomotion in
eukaryotic cells. It is a
crawling-like type of
movement accomplished
by protrusion of
cytoplasm of the cell
involving the formation of
pseudopodia ("false-feet")
and posterior uropod's.
 Mechanism:
Amoeboid movement works by
using something called cytoplasmic
flow, or the force of the volume of
fluid inside of the cell pulling the cell
forward. Since the cell has no feet of
its own, it essentially makes fake feet,
known as pseudopodia (pseudo
meaning fake and podia meaning
feet).
 Cells Exhibiting amoeboid
movement are:
• White blood cells
• Fibroblast
• Embryonic cells etc.
 Flagellar movement:
• Flagellar movement, or
locomotion, occurs as either
planar waves, oar like beating,
or three-dimensional waves.
• All three of these forms of
flagellar locomotion consist of
contraction waves that pass
either from the base to the
tip of the flagellum or in the
reverse direction to produce
forward or backward
movement.
 Mechanism:
Bacterial flagella are helically
shaped structures containing the protein
flagellin. The base of the flagellum (the
hook) near the cell surface is attached to
the basal body enclosed in the cell
envelope. The flagellum rotates in a
clockwise or counterclockwise direction,
in a motion similar to that of a propeller.
 Cells exhibiting flagellar movement
are:
o Sperm cells
o Choanoflagellates
o Trichonypha
o Trypanosoma gambiense etc.
 Ciliary movement:
• The rhythmic, sweeping
movement of epithelial
cell cilia, of ciliate
protozoans, or the sculling
movement of flagella,
effected possibly by the
alternate contraction and
relaxation of contractile
threads (myoids) on one
side of the cilium or
flagellum.
 Types:
 Four types of ciliary movements have been recognized which are as
follows :
1. The pendulus ciliary movement: The pendulus type of ciliary movement
is carried out in asingle plane. It occurs in the ciliated protozoans which
have rigid cilia.
2. The unciform ciliary movement: The unciform (hook-like) ciliary
movement occurs commonly in the metazoan cells.
3. The infundibuliform ciliary movement: The infundibuliform ciliary
movement occurs due to the rotary movement of the cilium and flagellum.
4. The undulant movement: The undulant movement is the characteristic
of the flagellum. In undulant movement the waves of the contraction
proceed from the site of implantation and pass to the border.
 Mechanism:
• First, the nine double tubules
and the two single tubules are
all linked to one another by a
complex of protein cross
linkages; this total complex of
tubules and cross linkages is
called the Axoneme.
• Second, even after removal of
the membrane and destruction
of other elements of the cilium
besides the axoneme, the
cilium can still beat under
appropriate conditions.
 Comparison between Cilia and Flagella

Flagella Cilia
• They are larger in size. • They are shorter in size.
• Quasi sinusoidal • Whip like movement.
movement.
 Molecular Motor:
• Molecular motors are protein
machines whose directed
movement along cytoskeletal
filaments is driven by ATP
hydrolysis. Eukaryotic cells
contain motors that help to
transport organelles to their
correct cellular locations and
to establish and alter cellular
morphology during cell
locomotion and division.
 yo u !
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