PREPARED BY:

JEALDEN A. ELIGAN
 CELLS
STRUCTURES
AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
SESSION 2 (LECTURE)
SESSION 6,7,8 (LABORATORY)

PREPARED BY:
Ariel King D. Maghanoy, RN
LEARNING
OUTCOMES:
Identify the structure
1. of cell
membrane;
2. Describe the structure and functions
of different organelles;
3. Define the two types of movement
through the cell membrane;
4. Define diffusion and concentration
gradient;
5. Explain the role of osmosis;
LEARNING
OUTCOMES:
Describe the various carrier-mediated
1.

transport mechanisms;
2. Differentiate endocytosis and
exocytosis;
3. Describe the cytoskeleton and whole
activity of a cell; and
4. Define cell cycle and its phases.
DO YOU HAVE
ANY IDEA
WHAT IS A
CELL?
 CELL
STRUCTURE
The cell is the basic living
unit of all organisms. The
simplest organisms consist
of single cells, whereas
humans are composed of
multiple cells.
 CELL
STRUCTURE
Within cells, specialized
structures called organelles (little
organs) perform specific
functions.
The nucleus is an organelle
containing the cell’s genetic
material. The living material
surrounding the nucleus is called
cytoplasm, and it contains many
types of organelles.
FUNCTIONS OF THE
CELL
The cells of the human body are very
diverse in structure and function, but
most share common functions. The
following are four important functions
performed by our body cells:
FUNCTIONS OF THE
CELL
1. Cell metabolism and
energy use
The chemical reactions
that occur within cells are
collectively called cell
metabolism.
FUNCTIONS OF THE
CELL
2. Synthesis of molecules.
Cells synthesize various
types of molecules,
including proteins,
nucleic acids, and
lipids.
FUNCTIONS OF THE
CELL
3. Communication.
Cells produce and receive
chemical and electrical
signals that allow them
to communicate with
one another.
FUNCTIONS OF THE
CELL
4. Reproduction and
inheritance.
Each cell contains a
copy of the genetic
information of the
individual.
 CELL
MEMBRANE
The cell membrane encloses the
cytoplasm and forms the
boundary between material
inside the cell and material
outside it. Substances outside the
cell are called extracellular
substances, and those inside the
cell are called intracellular
substances.
 MOVEMENT
THROUGH THE CELL
MEMBRANE
DIFFUSION
Solutes, such as ions or
molecules, tend to move from an
area of higher concentration of a
solute to an area of lower
concentration of that same
solute in solution.
 MOVEMENT
THROUGH THE CELL
MEMBRANE
OSMOSIS
Osmosis is the diffusion of water
(a solvent) across a selectively
permeable membrane, such as
the cell membrane, from a region
of higher water concentration to
one of lower water
concentration.
TYPES OF
SOLUTION
A hypotonic (hī′pōton′ik; hypo,
under) solution has a lower
concentration of solutes and a
higher concentration of water
relative to the cytoplasm of the
cell.
TYPES OF
SOLUTION
When a cell is immersed in an
isotonic (ī′sō-ton′ik; iso, equal)
solution, the concentrations of
various solutes and water are
the same on both sides of the
cell membrane.
TYPES OF
SOLUTION
When a cell is immersed in a
hypertonic (hi′per-ton′ik;
hyper, above) solution, the
solution has a higher
concentration of solutes and
a lower concentration of water
relative to the cytoplasm of the
cell.
THINK PAIR AND SHARE
Find a partner and discuss with
her/him what are the common
uses of each types of the solution.
Discuss it with your partner and
share your thoughts in the class.
 MOVEMENT THROUGH
THE CELL MEMBRANE
CARRIER-MEDIATED
TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS
Carrier-mediated transport is the
movement of a substance across
a membrane by means of a
carrier molecule. The substances
transported tend to be large,
water-soluble molecules or ions.
CARRIER-MEDIATED
TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS
FACILITATED
DIFFUSION
Facilitated diffusion is a carrier-
mediated transport process that
moves substances across the cell
membrane from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower
concentration of that substance.
CARRIER-MEDIATED
TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Active transport is a carrier-mediated
process that moves substances across
the cell membrane from regions of
lower concentration to those of higher
concentration against a concentration
gradient.
CARRIER-MEDIATED
TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS
SECONDARY ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
Secondary active transport involves
the active transport of one substance,
such as Na+, across the cell
membrane, establishing a
concentration gradient.
CARRIER-MEDIATED
TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS
SECONDARY ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
In cotransport, the diffusing substance
moves in the same direction as the
transported substance; in
countertransport, the diffusing
substance moves in a direction
opposite to that of the transported
substance.
ENDOCYTOCIS VS.
EXOCYTOSIS
Endocytosis
Endocytosis is the movement of
materials into cells by the
formation of a vesicle.

Exocytosis
Exocytosis is the secretion of
materials from cells by vesicle
formation.
 THE
ORGANELLE
S
 NUCLEUS
The nuclear envelope consists of two
separate membranes that form
nuclear pores at many points on the
surface of the nucleus.

DNA and associated proteins are

found inside the nucleus as
chromatin. DNA is the hereditary
material of the cell and controls cell
activities.
 RIBOSOMES
Ribosomes are the sites of
protein synthesis.
A ribosome is composed of
one large and one small
subunit.
 ROUGH AND SMOOTH
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Rough ER is ER with
ribosomes attached. It is a
major site of protein
synthesis.
Smooth ER does not have
ribosomes attached and is a
major site of lipid synthesis.
GOLGI APPARATUS
The Golgi apparatus, also
called the Golgi complex,
consists of closely packed
stacks of curved, membrane-
bound sacs.
It collects, modifies, packages,
and distributes proteins and
lipids manufactured by the ER.
SECRETORY VESICLES
A vesicle is a small,
membrane-bound sac that
transports or stores materials
within cells.
Secretory vesicles pinch off
from the Golgi apparatus and
move to the cell membrane.
 LYSOZOMES AND
PEROXISOMES
Lysosomes are membrane-bound
vesicles formed from the Golgi
apparatus. They contain a variety of
enzymes that function as intracellular
digestive systems.
Peroxisomes are small, membrane-
bound vesicles containing enzymes that
break down fatty acids, amino acids,
and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
 MITOCHONDRIA
Mitochondria are small organelles
with inner and outer membranes
separated by a space.
The outer membranes have a
smooth contour, but the inner
membranes have numerous folds,
called cristae, which project into
the interior of the mitochondria.
 CYTOSKELETON
The cytoskeleton, like the skeleton
of the body, acts as the internal
framework of the cell.
It consists of protein structures
that support the cell, hold
organelles in place, and enable the
cell to change shape.
 CENTRIOLES
The centrosome is a specialized
area of cytoplasm close to the
nucleus where microtubule
formation occurs.
It contains two centrioles, which
are normally oriented
perpendicular to each other.
CILIA, FLAGELLA, AND
MICROVILLI
Cilia move substances over the
surface of cells.
Flagella are much longer than cilia
and propel sperm cells.
Microvilli increase the surface area
of cells and thus aid in absorption.
 THE
CELL
CYCLE
 CELL CYCLE
During growth and
development, cell division
allows for a dramatic increase
in cell number after
fertilization of an oocyte.
The cell cycle includes two
major phases: a nondividing
phase, called interphase, and
cell division.
 REFERENCES
Van Putte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s
essentials of anatomy & physiology (10th ed.). New York,
NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 1: The Human Organism (page 1-20)
Chapter 3: Cell Structures and their Functions (page 42-
69)
ANY QUESTIONS AND
CLARIFICATIONS?
 Creating Cell Structure Model
You will be group into 5 groups, 10 members each.
Each group will create a cell structure model using recycled materials.
You are highly encouraged not to buy materials for the creation of the
model. (Use available recycled materials only).
You are given the freedom to choose your own style, type of cell and
materials to be used to showcase your own creativity.
Deadline on the submission of the model will be next meeting. Late
outputs will not be accepted.
Cell Structure Model
(Samples)
Cell Structure Model
(Samples)