CELLS

STRUCTURES
AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
SESSION 2 (LECTURE)
SESSION 6,7,8 (LABORATORY)

PREPARED BY:
Ariel King D. Maghanoy, RN
1.Identify the structure of cell
membrane;
2.Describe the structure and functions
of different organelles;
3.Define the two types of movement
through the cell membrane;
4.Define diffusion and concentration
gradient;
5.Explain the role of osmosis;
6. Describe the various carrier-mediated
transport mechanisms;
7. Differentiate endocytosis and
exocytosis;
8. Describe the cytoskeleton and whole
activity of a cell; and
9. Define cell cycle and its phases.
DO YOU HAVE
ANY IDEA
WHAT IS A
CELL?
❑ The cell is the basic living
unit of all organisms. The
simplest organisms consist
of single cells, whereas
humans are composed of
multiple cells.
❑ Within cells, specialized structures
called organelles (little organs)
perform specific functions.
❑ The nucleus is an organelle
containing the cell’s genetic
material. The living material
surrounding the nucleus is called
cytoplasm, and it contains many
types of organelles.
❑ The cells of the human body are very
diverse in structure and function, but
most share common functions. The
following are four important functions
performed by our body cells:
1. Cell metabolism and
energy use
❑ The chemical reactions
that occur within cells are
collectively called cell
metabolism.
2. Synthesis of molecules.
❑ Cells synthesize various
types of molecules,
including proteins,
nucleic acids, and lipids.
3. Communication.
❑ Cells produce and receive
chemical and electrical
signals that allow them to
communicate with one
another.
4. Reproduction and
inheritance.
❑ Each cell contains a
copy of the genetic
information of the
individual.
❑ The cell membrane encloses the
cytoplasm and forms the boundary
between material inside the cell
and material outside it. Substances
outside the cell are called
extracellular substances, and those
inside the cell are called
intracellular substances.
 MOVEMENT THROUGH
THE CELL MEMBRANE
DIFFUSION
❑ Solutes, such as ions or
molecules, tend to move from an
area of higher concentration of a
solute to an area of lower
concentration of that same solute
in solution.
 MOVEMENT THROUGH
THE CELL MEMBRANE
OSMOSIS
❑ Osmosis is the diffusion of water
(a solvent) across a selectively
permeable membrane, such as the
cell membrane, from a region of
higher water concentration to one
of lower water concentration.
TYPES OF SOLUTION
❑ A hypotonic (hī′pōton′ik; hypo,
under) solution has a lower
concentration of solutes and a
higher concentration of water
relative to the cytoplasm of the
cell.
TYPES OF SOLUTION
❑ When a cell is immersed in an
isotonic (ī′sō-ton′ik; iso, equal)
solution, the concentrations of
various solutes and water are
the same on both sides of the
cell membrane.
TYPES OF SOLUTION
❑ When a cell is immersed in a
hypertonic (hi′per-ton′ik; hyper,
above) solution, the
solution has a higher
concentration of solutes and
a lower concentration of water
relative to the cytoplasm of the
cell.
 MOVEMENT THROUGH THE
CELL MEMBRANE
CARRIER-MEDIATED TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS
❑ Carrier-mediated transport is the
movement of a substance across a
membrane by means of a carrier
molecule. The substances
transported tend to be large,
water-soluble molecules or ions.
CARRIER-MEDIATED TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
❑ Facilitated diffusion is a carrier-
mediated transport process that moves
substances across the cell membrane
from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration of that
substance.
CARRIER-MEDIATED TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
❑ Active transport is a carrier-mediated
process that moves substances across
the cell membrane from regions of lower
concentration to those of higher
concentration against a concentration
gradient.
CARRIER-MEDIATED TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
❑ Secondary active transport involves
the active transport of one substance,
such as Na+, across the cell membrane,
establishing a concentration gradient.
CARRIER-MEDIATED TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
❑ In cotransport, the diffusing substance
moves in the same direction as the
transported substance; in
countertransport, the diffusing
substance moves in a direction opposite
to that of the transported substance.
ENDOCYTOCIS VS. EXOCYTOSIS
Endocytosis
❑ Endocytosis is the movement of
materials into cells by the formation
of a vesicle.
Exocytosis
❑ Exocytosis is the secretion of
materials from cells by vesicle
formation.
 THE
ORGANELLES
 NUCLEUS
❑ The nuclear envelope consists of two
separate membranes that form
nuclear pores at many points on the
surface of the nucleus.

❑ DNA and associated proteins are

found inside the nucleus as chromatin.
DNA is the hereditary material of the
cell and controls cell activities.
 RIBOSOMES
❑ Ribosomes are the sites of
protein synthesis.

❑ A ribosome is composed of
one large and one small
subunit.
 ROUGH AND SMOOTH
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
❑ Rough ER is ER with
ribosomes attached. It is a
major site of protein synthesis.

❑ Smooth ER does not have

ribosomes attached and is a
major site of lipid synthesis.
GOLGI APPARATUS
❑ The Golgi apparatus, also
called the Golgi complex,
consists of closely packed stacks
of curved, membrane-bound
sacs.
❑ It collects, modifies, packages,
and distributes proteins and
lipids manufactured by the ER.
SECRETORY VESICLES
❑ A vesicle is a small,
membrane-bound sac that
transports or stores materials
within cells.

❑ Secretory vesicles pinch off

from the Golgi apparatus and
move to the cell membrane.
 LYSOZOMES AND
PEROXISOMES
❑ Lysosomes are membrane-bound
vesicles formed from the Golgi
apparatus. They contain a variety of
enzymes that function as intracellular
digestive systems.

❑ Peroxisomes are small, membrane-

bound vesicles containing enzymes that
break down fatty acids, amino acids, and
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
 MITOCHONDRIA
❑ Mitochondria are small organelles
with inner and outer membranes
separated by a space.
❑ The outer membranes have a
smooth contour, but the inner
membranes have numerous folds,
called cristae, which project into the
interior of the mitochondria.
 CYTOSKELETON
❑ The cytoskeleton, like the skeleton
of the body, acts as the internal
framework of the cell.

❑ It consists of protein structures

that support the cell, hold
organelles in place, and enable the
cell to change shape.
 CENTRIOLES
❑ The centrosome is a specialized
area of cytoplasm close to the
nucleus where microtubule
formation occurs.

❑It contains two centrioles, which

are normally oriented perpendicular
to each other.
 CILIA, FLAGELLA, AND
MICROVILLI
❑ Cilia move substances over the
surface of cells.
❑ Flagella are much longer than cilia
and propel sperm cells.
❑ Microvilli increase the surface area
of cells and thus aid in absorption.
THE CELL
CYCLE
❑ During growth and
development, cell division allows
for a dramatic increase in cell
number after fertilization of an
oocyte.
❑ The cell cycle includes two
major phases: a nondividing
phase, called interphase, and
cell division.
❑ Van Putte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019).
Seeley’s essentials of anatomy & physiology (10th
ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

❑ Chapter 1: The Human Organism (page 1-20)

❑ Chapter 3: Cell Structures and their Functions (page

42-69)
ANY QUESTIONS AND
CLARIFICATIONS?
 Creating Cell Structure Model
❑ You will be group into 5 groups, 10 members each.
❑ Each group will create a cell structure model using recycled materials.
❑ You are highly encouraged not to buy materials for the creation of the
model. (Use available recycled materials only).
❑ You are given the freedom to choose your own style, type of cell and
materials to be used to showcase your own creativity.
❑ Deadline on the submission of the model will be next meeting. Late
outputs will not be accepted.
Cell Structure Model
(Samples)
Cell Structure Model
(Samples)