Power Control and Prediction in Mobile Communications Systems

Power Control and Prediction in
Mobile Communications Systems

 Power control schemes are often applied in
mobile communications systems
– To keep the received power of each mobile user at
base station as equal as possible
 Three purposes
– Overcomes ’near-far’ effect (without power control)
– Prolongs battery lifetime in mobile users
– Maximize overall user capability
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1 Institute of Intelligent Power Electronics – IPE
Two Multipath Signal Components
Received at the Base Station
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Rayleigh Fading Channel Simulator
S1 Oscillator 1 C1
S2 Oscillator 2 C2
S8 Oscillator 8 C8
Sm Oscillator m Cm
xs M 90 deg. Oscillator c M
xc
Output
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Fading Power Signals of A Typical
Rayleigh Channel
10
-5
Fading Signal (dB)
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Time in Samples
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Conventional Power Control in
Bang-
Bang
Control
Page
 Radio channels are nonlinear and time-
varying
– Deep fadings caused are harmful to power
regulation
 Conventional feedback power control
method suffers from slow response and
large overshoots (accurate prediction is
necessry)
– Compensation commands are delayed
Page
 Conventional ’bang-bang’ power control
always yields large overshoot, long rise time,
and large steady state error
 Fuzzy power control schemes utilize some
priori knowledge of the dynamics of the fading
channels
 Fuzzy power controllers provide better
performance
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Fuzzy Power Control in Mobile
Communications Systems [Chang97]
FLC
u
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Fuzzy Power Control in Mobile
Communications Systems
 Fuzzy PI power controlle has two
inputs: e(t ) and e(t )
 Fuzzy PI control rules always have the
following form:
 An example is as follows:
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Fuzzy PI Power Controller
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Membership Functions of Fuzzy PI
Controller Variables
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A Representative Fading Signal
Region II: Deep Regions I and III:

downward Response of
fading second order
systems
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Fuzzy Rules for Regions I and III
For Normal
Fadings Only
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Fuzzy Rules for Region II
For Deep
Fadings Only
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Fuzzy PI Power Control Performance
Overshoot Reduced &

Oscillation Elliminated
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Comparison Between Fuzzy PI and
Conventional Fixed-Step Power Control
RMS of Tracking Error
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Fuzzy Filtering
 Conventional filters, such as FIR and IIR, always
introduce some delays in signal processing
 FIR and IIR filters are not efficient in nonlinear
signal filtering
 Fuzzy filters can combine numerical and
linguistic information [Wang1993]
– Numerical information from input/output data
– Linguistic information from experts
 Fuzzy filters are adaptive and predictive filters
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Fuzzy Power Command Enhancement in
Mobile Communications Systems [Gao1997]
 Power commands in real cellular
communications systems are always
transferred in single-bit mode
– Multi-bit transmission mode is not
practical
 Single-bit transmission causes delays in
power control response
 Fuzzy logic is employed to generate
enhanced power commands
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Fuzzy Power Command Enhancement Unit
Mobile
Station
Page
 Fuzzy power command enhancement unit is
applied in the mobile station
 Fuzzy rules are derived based on four principles:
– If mobile station receives consecutive large power commands,
enhanced power command should also be large
– If mobile station receives consecutive small power commands,
enhanced power command should also be small
– If mobile station receives consecutive increasing power commands,
enhanced power command should be more increased
– If the mobile station receives consecutive decreasing power
commands, enhanced power command should be more decreased
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 Fuzzy rules have the following form:
 An example of fuzzy rule:
 Advantages of fuzzy power command

enhancement unit
– Simple and easy for implementation
– Can co-operate with any power control scheme at
the base station
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Membership Functions for
Original Power Commands
NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Power Command
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Membership Functions for
Enhanced Power Commands
NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Enhanced Power Command
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Received Power Level with One-Bit
Power Commands
4
’Bang-Bang’
1
Control
-1
-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time in Samples
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Received Power Level with Fuzzy
Power Command Enhancement
4
Bang-Bang
1
Control
-1
-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time in Samples
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Received Power Level with One-Bit
Power Commands
8
4
Received Power (dB)
2
Prediction
0 Control
with A
-2
Neuro
Predictor
-4
-6
-8
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time in Samples
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Received Power Level with Fuzzy
Power Command Enhancement
8
Prediction
Received Power (dB)
Control with
0 A Neuro
Predictor
-2
-4
-6
-8
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time in Samples
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Neural Networks-based Predictive
Signal Filtering
 Predictive signal filtering is important in
understanding system dynamics and
compensating for instrumentation
delays
 Conventional filters, such as FIR and
IIR, always introduce some delays
 Neural networks-based filters are
predictive filters
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Neural Networks-based Predictive Filters
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Training Phase of Neuro Predictive Filters
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Comparison Between Polynomial and
Neuro Predictors
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An Example: Power Prediction in Mobile
Communications Systems
 Neural networks-based predictors are
applied to predict the received power at
the base station
– single-step ahead prediction [Gao1997]
– multi-step ahead prediction with temporal
difference (TD) method [Gao1998]
Page
One-Step-Ahead Prediction of Fading
Signal Using Neural Networks
10
0
Fading Signal (dB)
Dotted: Desired
-5 Solid: Actual
-10
-15
[Gao1997,1998]
-20
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time in Samples
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Neural Networks-based
Predictive Power Controller
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Received Power Level Using
Conventional ‘Bang-Bang’ Controller
8
4
Received Power (dB)
2
Full Power
0 Command Mode
-2
-4
-6
-8
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time in Samples
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Received Power Level Using Neural
Networks-based Predictive Controller
8
4
Received Power (dB)
Full Power
0
Command Mode
-2
-4
-6
-8
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time in Samples
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Received Power Level Using
Conventional ‘Bang-Bang’ Controller
8
4
Received Power (dB)
0
Single-Bit Power
Command Mode
-2
-4
-6
-8
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time in Samples
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Received Power Level Using Neural
Networks-based Predictive Controller
8
4
Received Power (dB)
Single-Bit Power
0
Command Mode
-2
-4
-6
More at [Gao1997]
and [Gao1998]
-8
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time in Samples
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Acceleration Measurement in Motor
Control Systems with Neural Networks
 Acceleration feedback is necessary in the
construction of servo controllers
 Velocity signals from low-cost encoders are
often noise distorted
 Direct backward-difference approximation
always generates unacceptable noise
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An Example: Noisy Velocity Curves of
An Elevator Car
2.5
2
(a)
1.5
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time in Samples
1.5
(b)
1
0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Time in Samples
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Angular Acceleration Obtained Using
Backward-Difference Method
3
-1
-2
-3
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time in Samples
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Acceleration Acquisition Using Predictive
Signal Processing Methods
[Ovaska1998]
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Neural Networks-based Acceleration
Acquisition Scheme [Gao1998]
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Errors of Measured and Filtered
Velocity Signals
0.02
0.01 (a)
Measured 0
Velocity -0.01
-0.02
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time in Samples
0.02
0.01 (b) ANFIS is better

BP Output 0 than BP
-0.01
-0.02
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time in Samples
0.02
0.01 (c)
ANFIS Output 0
-0.01
-0.02
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time in Samples
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Velocity Measurement in Motor Control
Systems with Fuzzy Logic [Gao1999]
 Velocity feedback is necessary in the
construction of servo controllers
 Velocity signals from low-cost encoders
are often noise distorted
 Fuzzy filters produce predictive outputs
 Self-Organizing Map (SOM) can be
applied to fine-tune fuzzy filters
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DC Servo Motor System
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A Fuzzy Logic-based Filter
ANFIS-based
Filter
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Noisy Velocity Signal
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Evenly Distributed Fuzzy
Membership Functions
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SOM Applied in Fuzzy Filters
 Membership function centers can be optimized
by SOM
– 1. Neurons in SOM are considered as fuzzy membership
function centers
– 2. Applying competitive learning algorithm with the available
training data (input signal)
– 3. Distribution of trained neurons is equal to the topology of
membership functions
 Membership function widths are chosen manually
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Optimized Membership Functions
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Output of Conventional Fuzzy Filter
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Output of Our New Fuzzy Filter
Page
Title:
it fil
Creator:
Preview
in
Residual Filtering Error of
Commen
types of
Conventional Fuzzy Filter
Page
Title:
it fil
Creator:
Preview
in
Residual Filtering Error of Our
Commen
types of
New Fuzzy Filter
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Soft Computing in Motor Fault
Detection and Diagnosis
 Motors are intensively applied in various
industrial applications
 Fault diagnosis is very important in assuring
safety of motor systems
– prevent eventual failures from happening
– save maintenance cost
– minimize downtime
 Soft computing methods are promising in new
fault diagnosis techniques
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Neural Networks-based Motor Fault Diagnosis
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Motor Fault Diagnosis with GA Optimization of
Elman Neural Network [Gao2000a]
 Initial outputs of context nodes in Elman

neural network play an important role in
the network prediction accuracy
 Hybrid training of Elman neural network
consists of two parts
– Gradient descent algorithm for weights
– Genetic algorithms for initial context nodes
outputs
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Elman Neural Network
Page
Title: elma
Creator:
Preview:
Comment: M
T
Training Procedure of Elman Neural
of printers
Network with Pure BP Learning
Page
Title: gene
Creator: M
GA-Evolved Optimization Process of
Preview:
Comment: T
of printers
Initial Context Nodes Outputs
Fitness  9.6649 Fitness  9.8448
PE  0.3351 PE  0.1552
Page
Title:
Commen ex
Creator:
Preview
of printe
Motor Fault Diagnosis Using Elman Neural
Network with GA-aided Training
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Soft Computing Methods in Control and
Instrumentation: Other Examples
 A/D converter resolution enhancement using
neural networks [Gao1997]
 Neural networks-based dynamic friction
compensation in motor control systems
[Gao1999]
 Linguistic motor fault diagnosis scheme
[Gao2000b], [Gao2000c]
 More details downloadable from
http://www.hut.fi/Units/PowerElectronics/personnel/gao.html
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Power Control and Prediction in Mobile Communications Systems

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Power Control and Prediction in Mobile Communications Systems

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Power Control and Prediction in

Mobile Communications Systems

Region II: Deep Regions I and III:

Overshoot Reduced &

RMS of Tracking Error

 An example of fuzzy rule:

 Advantages of fuzzy power command

0.01 (b) ANFIS is better

 Initial outputs of context nodes in Elman

Fitness  9.6649 Fitness  9.8448

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