Chapter Two

Modern Wireless
Communication Systems

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 Chapter Contents
2.1. Second Generation (2G) Cellular Networks
2.2. Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks
2.3. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
2.4. Bluetooth and Personal Area Networks (PANs)

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 Evolution of modern wireless communication systems

• Modern communication technologies

revolutionized the way, mobility and efficiency
of electronic communications. Starting from
with Alexander Graham Bells’ telephone
experiments to widely practiced W-CDMA
network and the nearly achieved 4G mode of
communications, all had and will have great
contributions in today’s voice/data network
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arena. 3
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• Wireless technology has achieved
evolutionary success aiming at unified
target: efficiency, performance and
feasibility in high mobile environment.
• The mobile experience is expanding
everywhere fulfilling the basic electronic
communication needs.

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• Starting from earliest wireless mobile
communication generation (1G) to the
newly commercially introduced fifth
generation (5G) the paradigm has changed.
The actual target of growing mobile
generations is to provide the user access to
an amazing global community reality,
making the digital mobile communication
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revolution ubiquitous. 5
 First Generation (1G) Wireless
Communication System

• Average between 2000 and 2500 bps.

• AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System).
• 1G is based on FDMA.

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• Poor voice quality
• No security (lack of encryption)
• Frequent call drops
• Limited capacity
• Vulnerable for interference.
• Poor handoff reliability

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 Second Generation (2G) Wireless
Communication System

• Most of today's ubiquitous cellular

networks use what is commonly called
second generation or 2G technologies
which conform to the second generation
cellular standards.

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 Cont’d…

• Unlike first generation cellular systems

that relied exclusively on FDMA/FDD
and analog FM, second generation
standards use digital modulation
formats and TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD
multiple access techniques.

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• The most popular second generation
standards include three TDMA
standards and one CDMA standard:
1. Global System Mobile (GSM), which
supports eight time slotted users for each
200 kHz radio channel and has been
deployed widely in the cellular and PCS
bands by service providers in Europe,
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• Asia, Australia, South America, and some
parts of the US (in the PCS spectrum
band only) ;
2. Interim Standard 136 (IS-I36), also
known as North American Digital Cellular
(NADC) or US Digital Cellular (USDC),

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 Cont’d…
• which supports three time slotted users
for each 30kHz radio channel and is a
popular choice for carriers in North
America, South America, and Australia
(in both the cellular and PCS bands);

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3. Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC), a
Japanese TDMA standard that is similar to
IS-136 with more than 50 million users;

4. The popular 2G CDMA standard Interim

Standard 95 Code Division Multiple Access
(IS-95), also known as cdmaOne, which
supports up to 64 users that are coded and
simultaneously transmitted on each 1.25
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2G technology advantages
 2G technology is useful to both the users & the
network operators at the same time .
 2G technology offers improved privacy that was
not possible with the earlier technologies , 2G
phones are more private than 1G phones which
have no protection what so ever against
eavesdropping.
 The mobile batteries can last longer as the
digital signals consume less battery power. 
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2G technology disadvantages
 Using the 2G technology requires powerful
digital signals to help the mobile phones work.
 The pulse nature of TDMA transmission used
interferes with some electronics 
 2G is less compatible with the smartphones
functions , Data transmission speed can be
more than 4 million bits per sec in 
3G technology but it is less than 50,000 bits per
sec in 2G network.
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 Evolution to 2.5G Mobile Radio Networks
 2.5G technology introduced a packet-switching
technique that was more efficient than its
predecessor.
 Its infrastructure could be used on an as-
needed basis rather than on a per-minute basis,
which made it more efficient than 2G
technology.
 The 2.5 technology was followed by 2.75G,
which tripled theoretical capacity, and 3G
technology in the late 1990s. Eventually, 4G and
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5G followed. 16
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 The term 2.5G is sometimes used to refer to
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), which is a
wireless data standard used on GSM networks
and was the first step in the evolution of 3G
technology. GPRS networks eventually
switched to Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution (EDGE), which is the cornerstone of
2.75G technology, another incremental
advancement that is not a wireless standard.

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 General packet radio service (GPRS) is a
packet-based wireless data communication
service designed to replace the current circuit-
switched services available on the second-
generation global system for mobile
communications (GSM) and time division
multiple access (TDMA) IS-136 networks.

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 • How is 3G better?
– 3G offers several enhancements over
2.5G and previous networks:
– Several times higher data speed
– Enhanced audio and video streaming
– Videoconferencing support
– Web and WAP browsing at higher
speeds
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G
• G is short for General Packet Radio
Service (or GPRS). It started to become
widely used in 2000 and earned the
unofficial nickname of 2.5G. It is
considered to be the first major stepping
stone on the way to developing the now
ubiquitous 3G networks.

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E
• The letter E represents the Enhanced
Data rates for GSM Evolution (or EDGE)
network. The network started to spread
in popularity some time in 2003 by
offering speeds that were almost three
times faster than any of its predecessors.

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H+
• H+ refers to Evolved High Speed Packet
Access (HSPA+). There are five releases
of this technology, each of which
provides significantly greater download
speeds than the previous version.

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 Wireless Local Area Network(WLAN)
• A wireless local area network (WLAN)
provides wireless network communication
over short distances using radio or infrared
signals instead of traditional network
cabling. A WLAN is a type of local area
network (LAN).

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 Wireless Local Area Network(WLAN)
• A wireless local area network (WLAN)
provides wireless network communication
over short distances using radio or infrared
signals instead of traditional network
cabling. A WLAN is a type of local area
network (LAN).
• A WLAN can be built using any of several
different wireless network protocols, most
commonly either Wi-Fi or Bluetooth.
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Pros Cons
• A large number of devices are • It's easier to hack a WLAN, which
supported. is why encryption is necessary.
• It's easy to set up a WLAN, • Wireless interference can hijack
especially when compared to the speed and stability of a
laying cables for wired networks. wireless network.
• Accessing a WLAN is easier than • More wireless devices, like
a wired LAN since cable length repeaters, are needed to expand
isn't a factor. a wireless network.
• WLANs are common even when
away from a business or home,
like in public areas.

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WLAN Devices
• A WLAN can contain as few as two devices up
to one hundred and more. However, wireless
networks become increasingly difficult to
manage as the number of devices increases.
– Mobile phones
– Laptop and tablet computers
– Internet audio systems
– Gaming consoles
– Any other internet-enabled home appliance or device
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 Bluetooth and Personal Area Networks (PANs)

• A personal area network (PAN) is a

computer network organized around an
individual person and is set up for
personal use only. They typically involve
a computer, phone, printer, tablet and/or
some other personal device like a PDA.

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• Typically, this kind of personal area

network could also be interconnected
without wires to the Internet or other
networks.
• PANs can be wired, such as USB or
FireWire, or they can be wireless, such
as infrared, ZigBee, Bluetooth

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• Bluetooth wireless technology is a short

range communications technology intended
to replace the cables connecting portable unit
and maintaining high levels of security.
Bluetooth technology is based on Ad-hoc
technology also known as Ad-hoc Pico nets,
which is a local area network with a very
limited coverage. Video

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 Thank you

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