GANESH INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL & Sr.

SECONDARY,
Tal. Chikhali, Dist. Pune

11 th

Chapter 1
*Living World*
L1 MR. PAWAR NAYAN
BIOLOGY EXPERT
 WHAT IS LIVING?
• OBJECTS EXHIBITING
Growth,
Development,
Responsiveness,
Adaptation &
Reproduction are
called living beings.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING
BEINGS
• CELLULAR STRUCTURE
Defining property of
living beings.
All living organisms are
made of one or more cell.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING
BEINGS
• METABOLISM

DEFINING PROPERTY OF LIVING BEINGS.

It is the sum total of all biochemical
reactions taking place inside a living system.
Metabolic reactions can be
demonstrated outside the body in
cell – free systems.
Isolated metabolic reactions in vitro
are not living things but are
biological reactions.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING
BEINGS
• TYPES OF METABOLISM
Anabolism – Building up
reactions.
E.g.; Photosynthesis,
formation of starch from
glucose etc.
Catabolism – Breakdown
Reactions
E.g.; Respiration,
 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING
BEINGS
• Growth :
Irreversible increase in the mass of
individuals is called growth.
Accretion: Non living articles can
increase in size.
E.g.; Mountains, Stones, Crystals
Growth is not a defining property of
living organism.
MR. PAWAR NAYAN
BIOLOGY EXPERT
 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING
BEINGS
• Growth:
Multicellular organism increase its
mass by cell division.
In plants, growth continues
throughout their lifespan.
In animals, growth is only up to a
certain age.
However, cell division occurs to
replace lost cells.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING
BEINGS
• Reproduction:
Is the formation of new individuals of
similar kind.
Organisms reproduce asexually and
sexually.
Organisms like mules, worker bees,
infertile human couples, etc. do not
reproduce.
Hence, reproduction is not a defining
property of living organisms. MR. PAWAR NAYAN
BIOLOGY EXPERT
 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING
BEINGS
• Consciousness:
It is the awareness of the surrounding
and response to external stimuli.
Stimuli: physical, Chemical or
Biological
It is defining property of living
organisms.
Humans have additions factor self
consciousness (awareness of self)
L2
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
• Biodiversity refers to
number and types of
organisms present on earth.
• They differ in morphology,
size, colour, anatomy,
habitats and habits.
 DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
• Number of species describes is 1.7 – 1.8 million.
• Animals are about 1.25 millions,
• Insects are about 1.025 million species
• Plants are about 0.5 million
 SUSTAMATICS
• GK ‘Systema’ – order, sequence
• Term often interchangeable with taxonomy
• Science deals with organism and all there comparative and
evolutionary relationship.
Basics of systematics study are
Description of organisms
Identification
Classification
Nomenclature
 TAXONOMY
It is the study of identification, classification & nomenclature of
organisms.
Originated with Plato – Aristotle (Father of Zoology) – Theophrastus
(Father of Botany) – Linnaeus (Father of Taxonomy)
• Based on
External & Internal structure
Structure of cell
Developmental process
Ecological information
BASIC PROCESS OF TAXONOMY
Characterization Identification Classification Nomenclature
 Understanding of  Correct  Grouping of  Scientific
characters of description of organisms into naming of
organisms organisms categories on organisms.
 External and prior to the basis of
Internal nomenclature. similarities &
structure, differences.
structure of cell,
development
process etc.
 HIERARCHY OF
CLASSIFICATION
• Kingdom – includes phyla with common characters
E.g. Kingdom Animalia – includes all animals.
• Phylum – Classes with few common characters.
E.g. Class Mammalia, Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia belong to
one phylum - Chordata.
• Class – A group of related orders.
E.g. Order Primata and Carnivora belong to one class
Mammalia.
• Order – Closely related families that resemble in major
characters.
E.g. Families, Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae belong to one
order – Polemoniales.
 HIERARCHY OF
CLASSIFICATION
• Family – Closely related genera
E.g. Genus Solanum, Petunia and Datura belong to one
family Solanaceae.
• Genus – Closely related species with certain
resemblances.
E.g. Panthera is a genus which includes lion (Panthera
Leo), Leopard (Panthera Pardus) & Tiger (Panthera
Tigris).
• Species – All members with similar characteristics and can
interbreed and produce offspring's.
E.g. Mangifera indica, In this species is indica.
Organisms With Their Taxonomic Categories
 MCQs Quiz
1. Which of the following taxonomic categories contains organisms least similar to one another?
a. Class b. Genus c. Family d. Species
2. Biological organisation starts with
a. Sub microscopic molecular level b. Cellular level c. Organismic level d. Atomic level
3. Which of the following is the correct scientific name of wheat derived by binomial nomenclature?
a. Triticum Vulgare b. Triticum aestivum c. Oryza sativa d. Zea mays
4. Taxonomic hierarchy refers to
a. Step – wise arrangement of all categories for classification of plants and animals
b. a group of senior taxonomists, who decide the nomenclature of plants and animals
c. a list of botanists or zoologists, who have worked on taxonomy of a species or group
d. classification of a species based on fossils record
5. Nomenclature is
a. assigning a single name to an organisms valid all over the world
b. Defining properties of an organism
c. Localizing the area of abundance for that organisms
d. Assigning three sets of name applicable at different levels of classification
L3
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Binomial nomenclature is how species are named.
The name of species is made by using two words: the genus name & the
species description.
Rules of Binomial nomenclature:
The generic and specific name are Latinized or Greek words.
Genus name is always capitalized
Species in the same genus are thought to be closely related a species
descriptor is the second part of a scientific name
Always lowercase
Always follows genus MR. PAWAR NAYAN
BIOLOGY EXPERT
 BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
EXAMPLE
Organisms Scientific Name
Mango Mangifera indica
Lion Panthera leo
Man Homo sapiens
Banyan Ficus benghalensis
 TAXONOMICAL AIDS
Techniques, procedure and stored information that are useful
in identification and classification of organisms.
Taxonomic Aids are
Herbarium
Botanical Gardens
Museum
Zoological Parks
Key
 TAXONOMICAL AIDS-Herbarium
Store house of collected plant specimens that
are dried, pressed & preserved on sheets.
Sheets are arranged according to universally
accepted classification systems.
They carry a label providing information about
date and place of collection,
English, local and botanical names, family,
collector’s name, etc.
Used as ready reference in scientific studies.
 IMPORTANT HERBARIA
NAME NUMBER OF HERBARIUM
SPECIMENS
1. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew(London) 6.5 million
(Largest herbarium)
2. Museum of Natural History (Paris) Over 6.0 million
3. Conservatoire at Jardin Botaniques de Geneve Over 5.0 million
4. New York Botanical Garden (New York) 4.0 million
5. Central National Herbarium (Indian Botanical 2.0 million
Gardens) Sibpur, Kolkata, India
6. Madras Herbarium, Coimbatore (MH), India 1,50,000
7. Herbarium of National Botanical Research 80,000
Institute, Lucknow, India
TAXONICAL AIDS – BOTANICAL GARDENS

MR. PAWAR NAYAN

BIOLOGY EXPERT
TAXONICAL AIDS – BOTANICAL GARDENS
Collection of various living plant species in form of
garden for identification purpose.
Used for identification of plants.
Each plant is labelled with its botanical name and
family.
The important functions of botanical gardens are:
• Growing important plants of local flora.
• Keeping record of local flora.
• Providing living plant material for systematic work.
• Supplying seeds and material for different aspects of
botanical research.
• Growing and maintaining rare & endangered plants.
 BOTANICAL GARDENS OF WORLD
Main Botanical Garden, Moscow – Largest garden (Spread over an area of
900 acres.)
Royal Botanical Garden, Kew (London) – (Spread over an area of 300
acres).
Indian Botanical Garden Sibpur, Kolkata – Largest botanical garden of asia,
spread over an area of 273 acres which is famous for its Great Banyan tree
Succulent plants, Indian grasses, Water lilies, etc.
Lioyd Botanical Garden, Darjeeling – Spreads 40 acres has a large number
of terrestrial and epiphytic orchids, a large numi cycads, ferns and alpine
plants.
National Botanical Garden, Lucknow (Sikandar Bah) – Spreads 70 Acres.
 TAXONICAL AIDS - MUSEUM
It is a collection of preserved plants and animals for study
and reference.
Example:
Natural History Museum, London.
United States National Museum, Washington.
Sugar lands Museum, Great Smoky Mountains National Park
in estern Tennessee.
Anthropological Museum of Natural History, Delhi.
Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai.
Maharaja Sawai Man Singh (II) Museum, Jaipur.
Indian Museum, Kolkata.
 TAXONICAL AIDS - MUSEUM
A Museum Contains
Specimens preserved in preservative
solutions in containers or jars.
Dried specimens of plants and animals.
Insects preserved in insects boxes after
collecting, killing and pinning.
Stuffed larger animals like birds &
mammals.
Collections of animal skeletons.
TAXONICAL AIDS – ZOOLOGICAL PARKS
Places where wild animals are kept in protect
environment under human care.
It helps to learn about their food habits and behaviour.
 TAXONICAL AIDS - KEYS
• This is a taxonomical aid where
plants and animals are
recognized based on contrasting
characteristics known as couplet.
• Couplet has two opposite
statements, each called lead.
• Separate keys for separate
taxonomic categories needed.
• Used to classify organisms.
 MCQs Quiz
1. The label of a herbarium sheet does not carry information on
a. Date of collection b. Name of collector
c. Local names d. Height of the plant
2. The Indian Botanical Garden and the National Botanical Research Institute are located respectively at.
a. Pune and Howrah b. Howrah and Lucknow c. Darjeeling and Lucknow d. Shimla and Dehradun
3. Identify the incorrect match
a. Royal Botanical Garden : Kew (England) b. Indian Botanical Garden : Howrah
c. NBRI : Manesar (India) d. Quick referral systems : Herbarium
4. ICBN stand for
a. International Code for Binomial Nomenclature b. International Code for Biological Nomenclature
c. International Code for Botanical Nomenclature d. International Code for Biogeographical Nomenclature
5. Plants of Botanical Gardens are labelled with
a. Botanical and local name b. Botanical name and family
c. Botanical name and class d. Botanical name and scientist’s name MR. PAWAR NAYAN
BIOLOGY EXPERT
 Week End Test 1 Chaptern1
1. Which of the following is less general in characters as compared to genus
a. Species b. Family c. Class d. Division
2. Consider the following two statements
I. Cellular organisation of the body is the defining feature of the forms.
II. Metabolic reactions cannot be demonstrated outside the body in cell free system.
a. Both I & II are true and II Explain I b. Both I & II are true but II Does not explain I.
c. I is True but II is false d. Both I & II are false.
3. As we go lower from kingdom to species, the number of common characters at each taxa:
a. Goes on decreasing b. Goes on increasing c. Remains same d. There is no pattern to this.
4. Reproduction cannot be an all inclusive defining characteristic of living organism because of
a. Asexual reproduction b. Non living organisms also replies
c. Example of worker bees d. May occur in all type of living systems instead of living organisms
5. What is wrong with respect to metabolism?
a. Chemical conservations or metabolic conservations are constantly going on.
b. Metabolic reactions occur simultaneously.
c. The sum total of all chemical reaction occurring on the surface of our body is metabolism.
d. No non-living objects exhibit metabolism.
6. Plants respond to which types of external factors?
a. Light, water, Temperature and Pollutants.
b. Light, water, Temperature, other Organisms and pollutants.
c. Light and temperature d. Light, Temperature and Pollutants.
7. Biological names are …..in…..and written in ……
a. Always, Latin, italics b. Generally, italics, Latin
c. Generally, Latin, italics d. Always, italics, Latin
8. What is not true with respect to systematics.
a. Systematic arrangement of organisms
b. Derived from Latin word systema
c. The study of relationships among different organisms
d. Does not account any kind of evolutionary relationship.
9. Which of the following is matched incorrectly:
a. Magnifera: indica b. Panthera: tuberosum c. Solanum: melongena d. Solanum: nigrum
10. Herbarium does not account which of the following statement.
a. Store house of collected plant specimen b. Plant specimen are dried, pressed and preserved
c. Arrangement of sheets is according to local system of classification d. These specimen over sheets are store house for
future use
11. Which of the following match is incorrect with respect to museum?
a. Insects: Collected, Killed & Pinned
b. Birds and mammals: stuffed and preserved
c. Animal specimen: Jars filled with preservative solution
d. Plants: always live form
12. Zoological parks do not hold true with
a. Protecting environment b. Learning food habits and behaviour of animals
c. Conditions similar to natural habitat
d. Pet animals are also kept there under human care.
13. Which of the following does not hold true for couplet?
a. Basis of Keys b. Consuming characters
c. Has use in Museum d. Choice is made between two opposite characters
14. What is wrong with respect to key a taxonomical aid?
a. Each statement in the key is called a lead
b. A single key works for each taxonomic category
c. Keys are analytical in nature d. Used for identification purpose