Periodic Trends

Elemental Properties and Patterns

 Periodic Table
• Periodicity: regular variations (or patterns) of
properties with increasing atomic number. Both
chemical and physical properties vary in a
periodic (repeating) pattern.
• Group: vertical column of elements (“family”)

• Period: horizontal row of elements

 Periodic Table and Periodicity
Chemistry: The Periodic Table and Periodicity

1. Who first published the classification of the elements that is the basis of our periodic
table today?
DMITRI MENDELEEV

2. By what property did Mendeleev arrange the elements?

ATOMIC MASS

3. By what property did Moseley suggest that the periodic table be arranged?
ATOMIC NUMBER

4. What is the periodic law?

THE PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS REPEAT PERIODICALLY

5. What is a period? How many are there in the periodic table?

A HORIZONTAL ROW IN THE PERIODIC TABLE; 7

6. What is a group (also called a family)? How many are there in the periodic table?
A VERTICAL COLUMN IN THE PERIODIC TABLE; 18
 The Periodic Law
• Mendeleev understood the ‘Periodic Law’
which states:
• When arranged by increasing atomic number,
the chemical elements display a regular and
repeating pattern of chemical and physical
properties.
 Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids
1

2 Nonmetals
3

5 Metals
6

Metalloids

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 349

 Groups of Elements
Elements with similar chemical behavior are in the same group.
alkaline earth metals

noble gases
halogens
alkali metals

Transition metals

lanthanides
actinides
Metals

• Metals are lustrous

(shiny), malleable,
ductile, and are good
conductors of heat
and electricity.
• They are mostly solids
at room temp.
• What is one
exception?
Mercury
(Hg)
Nonmetals

• Nonmetals are the

opposite.
• They are dull, brittle,
nonconductors
(insulators).
• Some are solid, but
many are gases, and
Bromine is a liquid.
Metalloids
• Metalloids, aka semi-metals
are just that.
• They have characteristics of
both metals and nonmetals.
• They are shiny but brittle.
• And they are
semiconductors.
• What is our most important
semiconductor?
 Periodic trends
Identifying the patterns
 Metallic Characteristics
metallic character increases
metallic character increases

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 Periodic Table and Periodicity
Chemistry: The Periodic Table and Periodicity

1. Who first published the classification of the elements that is the basis of our periodic
table today?
DMITRI MENDELEEV

2. By what property did Mendeleev arrange the elements?

ATOMIC MASS

3. By what property did Moseley suggest that the periodic table be arranged?
ATOMIC NUMBER

4. What is the periodic law?

THE PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS REPEAT PERIODICALLY

5. What is a period? How many are there in the periodic table?

A HORIZONTAL ROW IN THE PERIODIC TABLE; 7

6. What is a group (also called a family)? How many are there in the periodic table?
A VERTICAL COLUMN IN THE PERIODIC TABLE; 18
 Experiment

Variable – factor
in the
experiment that
is being tested
• The factor that is changed is known as the
independent variable (IV).
– Also referred as “The Cause”

• The factor that is measured or observed is

called the dependent variable (DV).
– Also referred as “The Effect”
Rule for Addition and Subtraction
Calculating with Numbers Written in Scientific Notation

In order to add or subtract numbers written in scientific

notation, you must express them with the same power of 10.

Sample Problem: Add 5.8 x 103 and 2.16 x 104

(5.8 x 103) + (21.6 x 103) = 27.4 x 103 2.74 x 104

Exercise: Add 8.32 x 10-7 and 1.2 x 10-5 1.28 x 10-5

http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons
 Attraction and Repulsion of
Electrical Charges

+ - + + - -
Particles with opposite Particles with like charges
charges attract repel one another.
one another.
 Coulombic Attraction
Depends on:

2+ 2- 2+ 2-

2+ 2-
1+ 1-

• 1. Amount of charge • 2. Distance between charges

 Periodic Trends
• atomic radius.
• Radius is the distance from the center of the
nucleus to the “edge” of the electron cloud.
Atomic Radii
 Atomic Radii
• Trend: decreases across a period
WHY???
– As the # of protons in the nucleus increases, the positive
charge increases and as a result, the “pull” on the electrons
increases.

• Trend: increases down a group

WHY???
– The atomic radius gets bigger because electrons are added
to energy levels farther away from the nucleus decreasing
the “pull” or force of attraction.
Atomic Size Trends
 Ionization Energy
• Definition: energy required to remove outer electrons from an atom
Hungry for Tater Tots? Mr. C at 7 years old.
OUCH!!
 Ionization Energy
• Trend: increases across a period
• WHY???
• All the atoms in the same period
– Increasing the number of protons increase the “pull” or
force of attraction.

• Trend: decreases down a group

• WHY???
– Electrons are further away from the positive “pull”
of the nucleus and therefore easier to remove.
 He
Ne

Ar

Kr
First Ionization energy

Li

Na

K
Rb

Atomic number
 Electronegativity
• Definition: the tendency of an atom to
attract electrons to itself when chemically
combined with another element
 Electronegativity
• Trend: increases across a period
(noble gases excluded!)
• WHY???
– Nuclear charge is increasing, atomic radius is
decreasing; attractive force that the nucleus can
exert on another electron increases.
• Trend: decreases down a group
• WHY???
– The electrons are farther away from the nucleus;
decreased attraction, so decreased electronegativity
ElectronegativityTrends
Summing Up Periodic Trends
Summing Up Periodic Trends

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 Which has the largest atomic radius?
7. Br- Br As an atom gains electrons, the atom gets bigger

8. Al+ Al As an atom loses electrons, the atom gets smaller