JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA

JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

JSS TECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS CAMPUS MYSURU
570006 ,KARNATAKA ,INDIA

A LONG TERM EVENT REPORT THE SUBJECT 20HU120 TITLED

FUTURE INNOVATION ON YOUR FIELD OF
INTEREST SUBMITTED
BY
SRINIVAS K 203026
SUHAAS GJ ARADHYA 202088
SURABHI MP 200749
TN KESHAV
202068
THUSHAR A 202002

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNIUCATION ENGINEERING

CLASS TEACHER INCHARGE
          VEENA M G 
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
 MATTER 
 Matter is the stuff around you  matter is anything that has
mass and takes up space 

 ANTIMATTER
 Antimatter is material composed of antiparticles , which
have the same mass as particles of ordinary matter but
opposite charges , as well as other particle properties such
as lepton and baryon numbers. It can be considered as a
perfect counter part of matter
Outline of
seminar
 Origin of concept
 Matter antimatter
imbalance in the universe
 Production and storing of
antimatter
 Applications of antimatter
 ORIGIN 
 DIRAC HOLE THEORY
 In 1928 Dirac wrote down an equation that combined quantum theory combined
quantum theory and special  relativity to describe the behaviour  of an electron
moving at a relativistic speed .

 But the equation posed a problem; Dirac’s equation could have two solutions ,
one for an electron with positive energy, and one for an electron with negative
energy
 Dirac Hole Theory

 Dirac considered vacuum  as negative levels filled

with electrons 
 So missing of an electron from the energy level
would result in a positive charged hole 
 So a gamma ray could produce an electron and a
hole (positron)
 Positron can be considered as an electron travelling
backwards in time 
 Dirac hole theory is not perfect ,
   It was later replaced by more
   advanced quantum field theory
 The term antimatter was first used by
Arthur Schuster in 1898
 In 1928, British Physicist Paul Dirac
predicted the existence of positrons .
 In 1932 , Carl D . Anderson discovered
that cosmic ray oscillations produced
these particles in a cloud chamber .
 The antiproton and antineutron were
found by Emilo Segre and
 Owen Chamberlain in 1955 using a
bevatron .
 Matter antimatter asymmetry
                                 MISSING ANTIMATER 
 According to the theory of big bang , it should have produced equal amount of
matter and antimatter
 It would have resulted in total annihilation of matter and antimatter , leaving the
universe as wandering radiations .
 But somehow matter survived 
                                 ANTIMATTER GALAXIES 
 Immediately after big bang by the neutral rules of chance there would have been
some regions with slight excess of matter and other with antimatter 
 These antimatter galaxies if exist , they would be observationally identical ,
making them impossible to detect .
 Alpha magnetic spectrometer
 It is am experiment module that is mounted on the 
     International Space Station .
 It is designed to measure antimatter in cosmic rays 
 Any observations of an amthelium nucleus would provide evidence for the existence of
antimatter in space       
      these are other theories which are based on the view that matter and                        antimatter are
not perfect counter parts , there is some asymmetry.
    1. The Universe begins with a small preference for matter 
     2. The Universe was originally perfectly symmetric , but somehow a  set of              phenomena
contributed to a small imbalance in favour of matter 

  
 CP SYMMETRY
 CP is the combination of two other more fundamental symmetries ,charge
conjugation and parity. C transforms a particle into its antiparticle , while the p
creates a mirror image of a physical system
 All the physical laws and interactions will be same that is nature will treat matter
and antimatter same.
 CP VIOLATION
 CP Violation was first discovered in the delay pattern of neutral canons .
 In the study of Neutral Canons two particle species were formed having
apparently identical masses but very different life time.
 These particles have different decay modes (KS) decaying due to two points and
other (kl) to three pions .
 But decay into two pions were observed after the possible lifetime for short life
kaons. That the – ve CP particles decay as +ve CP particles.
 Further CP symmetry violation were observed in quark oscillations and
incorporated into quark mixing theory.
 PRODUCTION AND STORAGE
                                   NATURAL SOURCES
 Many different kinds of antiparticles are also produced by cosmic rays
 Positrons are produced naturally in β plus decays of radioactive
 Antimatter are found in solar flares and galactic centres
 Produced above thunderstorms by the gamma ray flares created by electrons
accelerated by strong electric fields in the clouds
                                ARTIFICIAL SOURCES
 Proton antiproton pairs are made by firing high energy protons as metal targets
 Positrons can also be similarly produced pr by exposing metal target to short
ultra intense laser .
 ANTIPROTON
DEACCELERATOR(AD)
 Focusing magnets keeps the antiproton in track .
 Strong electric Field slows them down.
 Passing them through the clouds of electron reduces the side wave motion and
spread in energy .
 Currently it serves experiments at CERN which are ,ACE, AEGIS ,
ATRAP , ALPHA , ASACUSA.
 STORING ANTIMATTER

 Antimatter will annihilate on the contact with the walls pf the conductor
 Antimatter in the form of charged particle can be stored in vaccum contained by
using combination of electric field and magnetic field
 Dipole moment is induced on neutral molecules and are trapped by magnetic
fields in vaccum
 APPLICATIONS
 POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)
 PET scan is an imaging test that helps reveal how your tissues and organs are
functioning . It uses a radioactive drug to show this activity.
 The positron emitted by the tracer annihilate with an electron to produce two
gamma rays , it allows the detection of the tracer .
 A computer analyzes  the gamma rays and uses the information to create an image
map of the organ or tissue being studied with the help of CT scan
 ANTIMATTER DETONATION

 One gram of antimatter reacting with its ordinary matter counterpart gives
1.8e^14 J
 Where 1vkiloton TNT equivalent = 4.184e^12 joules
 Antimatter weapons are not thought to currently exist due to the cost of
production and the limited technology available to produce and contain
antimatter in sufficient quantities for it to be a useful weapon
 AS FUELS
 Matter – antimatter propulsion will be the most efficient propulsion ever
developed.
 Pure anti matter rockets anti Proton annihilation reaction produce charged and
uncharged pions , in addition to neutrinos and gamma rays. The charged pions can
be channelled by a magnetic nozzle , producing thrust.
 Thermal antimatter rocket – The energy or heat from the annihilation is harnessed
to create an exhaust from a propellant.
 All the antimatter ever produced get annihilated by contact with matter
could only give enough energy to power an ordinary lamp for a few minutes.