Ch.

6
The Structure of Matter
The Importance of BONDING
 Important Terms
• Element = a pure substance that cannot
be separated or broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means
• Atom = the smallest unit of an element
that maintains the chemical properties of
that element
• Compound = a substance made up of
atoms of two or more different elements
joined by chemical bonds
 Bonding
• Atoms with unfilled valence shells are
considered unstable.

• Atoms will try to fill their outer shells by

bonding with other atoms.

• Chemical bond = the attractive force

that holds atoms or ions together in a
compound
 Atomic Bonds
• Atoms form atomic
bonds to become
more stable.
– Atoms become more
stable by filling their
valence shell or at
least meeting the octet Exception to Octet Rule
of 8 valence electrons:
rule by getting 8 Helium—which only has
valence electrons. 1 energy level and holds
a max. of 2 electrons
 Atomic Bonds
• There are three main types of chemical
bonds used by atoms to fill their valence
shell:
“Bond,
– Covalent Chemical
– Metallic Bond”

– Ionic
 Chemical Formulas

• A chemical formula tells us:

– the type of atoms present
– the number of atoms present
– the type of compound
 Chemical Formulas
• Example: table salt:
Sodium Chloride
• Chemical formula:
– NaCl
• Count the atoms
present:
– 1 Na atom
– 1 Cl atom
 Chemical Formulas
• Sometimes there are subscripts present.
– A subscript is a small number that is in a chemical formula. If no
subscript is present assume that it is 1.
– Example - water: H2O
• 2 H atoms
• 1 O atom

Subscript
 Chemical Formulas
• Sometimes there are parentheses with a subscript. The subscript
only applies to the atoms within the parentheses.
• Example - calcium hydroxide (kidney stones): Ca(OH)2.
– 1 Ca atom
– 2 O atoms
– 2 H atoms
 Chemical Formulas
• Sometimes there are subscripts in the
parentheses. Multiply the subscript outside the
parentheses by the subscript of each element
within the parentheses.
• Example - calcium nitrate: Ca(NO3)2
– 1 Ca atom
– 2 N atoms
– 6 O atoms (3 oxygens x 2 = 6)
 Covalent Bonds
• Covalent bonds form between two non-
metals. Groups 14-17 on the Periodic Table
• Covalent bonds are formed when atoms
SHARE electrons.
– Both atoms need to gain electrons to become
stable, so they share the electrons they have.
• Atoms can share more than one pair of
electrons to create double and triple bonds.
 Properties of Covalent
Compounds
Results in a NEUTRAL molecule
Weak bonds
 Physical State usually liquids or
gases
 Low Melting and Boiling Points
 Poor conductors of electricity
(no free electrons to move around)
 Covalent Bonds
Use Lewis structures to draw valence electrons for
each atom in the covalent pair.

Each chlorine atom wants to gain one

electron to achieve an octet.
 Covalent Bonds
The octet is achieved by each atom
sharing the electron pair in the middle.

Now, each Chlorine atom has 8 valence

electrons because it is sharing one pair.
 Chlorine Molecule
It is a single bonding pair so it is called a
single covalent bond. The compound
is now called a molecule.

Cl Cl Cl2
Covalent Bonds

How will oxygen bond?

 Covalent Bonds
Two bonding pairs, making a double bond.

The double bond can be shown as two dashes

O O
O2
 Covalent Bonds
• Elements can share up to three pairs of
electrons. (6 total electrons).
Single Bond
(2e)

Double Bond
(4e)

Triple Bond
(6e)
 Covalent Bonds
• Atoms can share their electrons equally or unequally.

• When atoms share electrons equally, it is called a non-polar

covalent bond.
– Non-polar covalent bonds form between atoms of the same type.
Ex: H2, Cl2,

• When atoms share electrons unequally it is called a polar

covalent bond.
– One atom pulls the electrons closer to itself.
– The atom that pulls the electrons more gets a slightly negative
charge.
– The other atom gets a slightly positive charge.
• Ex: Water molecule
Bonding Animation
 Covalent Bonds Nomenclature
• Naming binary covalent
compounds: # of Atoms Prefix
– Two nonmetals 1 mono-
– Name each element 2 di-
– Change the ending of 3 tri-
the 2nd element to 4 tetra-

–ide 5
6
penta-
hexa-
– Use prefixes to 7 hepta-
indicate the # of atoms of 8 octa-
each element
9 nona-
– Do not use “mono” with
the first element 10 deca-
 Covalent Bonds Nomenclature
• CO # of Atoms Prefix
– carbon monoxide 1 mono-
• CO2 2 di-
– carbon dioxide 3 tri-
4 tetra-
• PCl3
5 penta-
– phosphorus trichloride
6 hexa-
• CCl4
7 hepta-
– carbon tetrachloride
8 octa-
• N2O 9 nona-
– dinitrogen monoxide 10 deca-
 Covalent Bonds Nomenclature
Given the following covalent compounds,
WRITE the correct chemical formula.
Name Chemical Formula

Hydrogen Disulfide
HS2

Diphosphorus pentoxide
P2O5

Trinitrogen hexafluoride N3F6

 Practice: Drawing Covalent Bonds
• We can illustrate covalent bonding using Lewis
structures.
• 1 – Draw a Lewis structure for each element.
– Ex: C H
• 2 - Continue adding atoms until all atoms have a full valence
H

H C H
CH4
carbon tetrahydride
H
 Ions
• Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose
electrons.
• Ions are charged atoms (positive or negative).
• Positive ions are called cations.
– Formed when the atom loses electrons.
– Lose negative charge, becomes positive ION
– Metals
• Negative ions are call anions.
– Formed when the atom gains electrons.
– Gain negative charge, become negative ION
– Non-metals
 Ionic Bonds
• Ionic bonds are formed between metals and
non-metals.

• Ionic bonds are formed between oppositely

charged atoms (ions).

• Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of

electrons.
– One atom loses (gives away) electrons.
– One atom gains (receives) electrons.
 Ionic Bonds
• Use the number of valence electrons to
determine the # of electrons that are lost or
needing to be gained.

• The transfer of electrons create a positive ion

and a negative ion. The opposite charges attract
one another, causing a chemical bond to form.

Bonding Animation
Atoms with 4 or less valence
electrons want to LOSE (give
away) their valence electrons.
[Groups 1, 2, 13, 14]

Atoms with 4 or more valence

electrons want to GAIN (receive)
more electrons to satisfy their
octet. [Groups 14, 15, 16, 17]
 Ionic Bonds
• The normal charge of an
ion can be quickly
determined using the
oxidation number of an
element.
– The oxidation number of
an atom is the charge that
atom would have if the
compound was composed
of ions.
 Ionic Bonds
• To find the oxidation
number :
Look at Group #
Determine # of valence
electrons
If 4 or less, atom will
lose (give away)
valence electrons (ion is
positive)
If 4 or more, atom will
gain the needed # to fill
valence shell. (ion is
negative)
 Ionic Bonds
• Example:
– Beryllium is in Group 2
– Be has 2 e-
– Wants to achieve octet
– Loses the 2 e-
– Oxidation #/Ion charge of
+2
• Example:
– Nitrogen is in Group 15
– N has 5 e-
– Needs 3 more for octet
– Gains 3 e-
– Oxidation #/Ion charge of

-3
Practice: Determining Oxidation
Numbers
Atom Group Valence Oxidation
Electrons Number
Oxygen
16 6 -2

Calcium +2
2 2

Fluorine -1
17 7

Phosphorus
15 5 -3

Sodium
1 1 +1
 Ionic Bonding Nomenclature
To name Binary Ionic Compounds:
 2 elements—one METAL and one NON-METAL

 Cation is always written first [Metal]

 Cation name stays the same

 Anion is written second [Non-metal]

 Change the non-metal’s ending to “-ide”.

 NO PREFIXES ARE USED FOR IONIC COMPOUND

NAMING
Examples
NaCl
Sodium Chloride Name the metal ion
CaO
Calcium Oxide Name the nonmetal
Al2S3 ion, changing the
Aluminum Sulfide suffix to –ide.
MgI2
Magnesium Iodide
BaNa2 Thisshould
The
You is two of
name metals
this is–Banana
recognize not a binary
(JOKE
a problem ionic
– this
with haha)one
compound
 Drawing Ionic Bonds
• 1 – Draw the Lewis structure for each
element.
– Ex: Na Cl
• 2 – Draw arrows to show the TRANSFER
(gain/loss) of electrons [draw extra atoms
if needed]
 Drawing Ionic Bonds (continued)
• 3 – Draw ion Lewis diagrams showing the
new charge for each ion.
– Ex:
• 4- Write the chemical formula for the
compound formed represents the ratio of
negative ions to positive ions.
– Ex: NaCl – for every 1 sodium ion, there is also
1 chlorine ion.
Chemical Formula = NaCl
 Practice Drawing Ionic Bonds
Elements Lewis Transfer Formula
Diagram

Calcium
Fluorine

Sodium
Oxygen
 “Swap & Drop” Method
Given the name of an Ionic Compound, you can determine the chemical
formula using the “swap and drop” method:

1. Write the symbols for each ion.

2. Determine the oxidation number of each ion.
3. Swap and Drop
4. Reduce (if necessary).
5. Rewrite
 Ionic vs. Covalent Bonds in
Binary Compounds
Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds
• Form when electrons • Form when electrons
are transferred are shared between
between atoms. atoms.
• Form between a • Form between two
metal and a non- non-metals.
metal.

Both types of bonds result in all atoms

having a full outer energy level.
 Ionic vs. Covalent Bonds in
Binary Compounds
Other comparisons between Ionic and Covalent Compounds:

Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds

• Results in a • Results in a Neutral
Neutral Compound Molecule
• Crystalline Solid • Mostly results in
• Strong Bonds gases or liquids
• High Melting • Weak Bonds
Point • Low Melting Points
 Polyatomic Ions
• A polyatomic ion is a group of
covalently bonded atoms that have lost
or gained an electron. (Example: Nitrate
NO3- and Ammonium NH4+).
– Oppositely charged polyatomic ions can
form compounds. (Example: Ammonium
nitrate NH4NO3).
 Polyatomic Ions
• Naming of these Common Polyatomic Ions

NH4+
compounds follows
ammonium

carbonate CO32-
the same rules as bicarbonate HCO3-
binary ionic hydroxide OH-
compounds. nitrate NO3-

– The most important nitrite NO2-

part is recognizing phosphate PO43-

there is a polyatomic sulfate SO42-

ion present. sulfite SO32-

acetate C2H3O2-
 Practice: Polyatomic Ions
To go from the formula to
the name:
1. Name the cation.
2. Name the anion.
 Polyatomic Ions
To go from
name to formula:
1. Write the symbols for
each ion.
2. Determine the
oxidation number of O 2-
each ion.
3. Swap and Drop
4. Reduce (if necessary).
5. Put parentheses
around the polyatomic (NH4)2O
ion if receives a
** Remember charges CANCEL
subscript greater than out each other!!
one.
6. Rewrite
 Practice: Polyatomic Ions
Compound Name Oxidation #s Chemical Formula

Calcium phosphate
Ca2+ PO43- Ca3(PO4)2

Sodium hydroxide Na1+ OH1- NaOH

Ammonium sulfate NH41+ SO42- (NH4)2SO4

 Metallic Bonds
• Metallic bonds are metal to
metal bonds formed by the
attraction between positively
charged metal ions and the
electrons around them.
– Atoms are packed tightly together
to the point where outermost
energy levels overlap.
• This allows electrons to move freely
from one atom to the next making
them great conductors of electricity.
Transition Metals--Ionic Compounds
• Transition metals are cations that
have variable charges that makes
them hard to name.
– We use Roman numerals to indicate the
charge of a transition metal.
• Example:
– copper (II) oxide – charge of copper for this
compound is +2
– titanium (IV) sulfide – charge of titanium for this
compound is +4
 Transition Metal Ionic
Compounds
• To go from formula to name you
need to determine the Roman
numeral for your transition metal.
1. If there are no subscripts, simply
give the transition metal the
equal and opposite charge to the
nonmetal.
2. Now use normal ionic bonding
rules putting your new number in
Roman numerals to the right of
your transition metal ONLY.
 Transition Metal Ionic
Compounds
• To go from formula to name
you need to determine the
Roman numeral for your
transition metal:
1. If there are subscripts present
use the reverse “Swap and
Drop.”
2. Now use normal ionic bonding
rules putting your new number
in Roman numerals to the right
of your transition metal ONLY.