Disaster Management

Governance;
Indonesia Case Study

Triarko Nurlambang
DRRC University of Indonesia
September 2021
Outline
1. Management and Governance
2. Indonesia has various hazards within its various geographical setting
3. Shifting Paradigm in Disaster Management
4. Legal Framework of Disaster Management in Indonesia
5. Disaster Management Planning
6. Stakeholder Role in DM Implementation
7. Governance in Managing Disaster (an example of extreme weather)
Management and Governance

Source: Global Risk Forum, 2012

What is Disaster Risk Governance (UNDP,
2013)
Disaster risk governance refers to the way in which the public authorities, civil servants, media, private
sector, and civil society coordinate at community, national and regional levels in order to manage and
reduce disaster and climate related risks. This means ensuring that sufficient levels of capacity and
resources are made available to prevent, prepare for, manage and recover from disasters. It also entails
mechanisms andprocesses for citizens to articulate their interests, and exercise their legal rights and
obligations.

In the context of risk management, this requires that the general public are sufficiently informed of the
natural hazard risks they are exposed to and able to take necessary precautions. Disaster risk governance
also include land-use planning and building code regulations; tools for assessing disaster risk; and helping
government institutions to take on the responsibility of managing disaster risk and recovery by helping to
mandate institutional responsibilities; as well as involving vulnerable populations in the planning and
implementation of community based programmes.
 Lesson learn of Disaster
Governance in various countries

Disaster Governance application in flood handling in India (Natasha

Goyal, 2019):
Disaster governance to the mainstream in government accountability.
Despite high performance on Human Development Indicators and
social infrastructure, the failure of the state government in ensuring
adequate preparedness and mitigation through capacity building.

Four Pillars of Disaster Governance: A Step towards Invulnerable Salim, Uddin, et.al., 2020 (in Bangladesh)
Development Disaster Governance rests on four pillars: a) Addressing
marginalization of local communities – focus on social, economic,
political vulnerabilities b) Transparency and accountability of
Institutions- Executive and Legislative Institutions during the four
cycles of disaster governance- mitigation, preparedness, response and
rehabilitation c) Strengthening of disaster management institutions-
giving them more powers of enforceability of mitigation measures in
development planning d) Building community resilience –reducing the
gap between state institutions and local people.

Source: Stig Enemark, 2010 (in Denmark)

 MoHA: Ministry of Home Affairs
Disaster Risk Index

Indonesia Disaster Risk Index, 2019

High
Medium

Geographical Challenges
1. Indonesia is in the “Ring of Fire”
2. Indonesian population spread across 2,952 islands (Indonesia consists of 17 thousand
islands)
3. 20 of the 34 provinces are classified as tggi disaster risk classes and 14 moderate risk classes
3
 INDONESIA: DEVELOPMENT UNDER THREAT
Indonesia within USA
OF DISASTER
Source: Bappenas, 2020

The potential for disaster is relatively high and has not been High potential for disaster megathrust in the
fully anticipated with preparedness efforts, mitigation, and north of Sulawesi Island
comprehensive adaptation Post-disaster recovery of Palu City
• and surroundings

High potential
megathrust disaster
on the West Coast of
Sumatra
Post-disaster
recovery of Sunda
Strait Area
•

Overcrowding, high risk of disaster

High potential for disaster megathrust on the High potential for megathrust disaster
South Coast of Java south of Nusa Tenggara Islands
• Post-disaster recovery areaSunda Strait • Post-disaster recovery of Lombok
Island and Surrounding Areas
 Government Budget and Its Realization and
National Budget for BNPB (Ina. National Body for Influence on Regional Economies
Disaster Management)

Budget Demand Realisation "Opinion of the Minister of Finance (February 2018):

Disater Mitigation Budget 2017
Earthquakes in Indonesia could potentially cause a loss of our
GDP up to 3%, 30 Billion US Dollars. If we remember Aceh
when the tsunami had made the disaster cost is 4.5 billion dollars. 
Yogyakarta when experiencing an earthquake lost 30% of its
regional GDP, "said the Minister of Finance..
"Therefore the potential for natural disasters such as earthquake
floods and earthquakes, a combination that must constantly concern
us. We must live by including that these potential risks are always
present in our country and how we can design development
programs that remain resilient, the term is resilient." 

The Minister of Finance added, for 2018 the government has had a
Disaster Management Priority plan including strengthening the
capacity of infrastructure facilities to deal with disasters, recovery of
disaster area funds, environmental and spatial arrangements and
institutional strengthening, especially in the region. (ip/ind/nr)
 We need a paradigm shift in handling Disaster Risk

Act no. 24/2007 on Disaster

Reduction

GR no. 21/2008 on
Implementing Disaster
Risk Reduction
Shifting Paradigm:
• Responsive  Preemptive/Preventive
GR no. 22/2008 on
GR:
Disaster Funding and
• By Sector  Multisectors
Government
Regulation Managing Assistances • Gove. Initiative  Everybody Responsibility
• Centralize  Decentralize
• Emergency  DRR
GR no. 23/2008 on • Financing by government  by public
NGO(s), Managing
International and
Foreigners Donors Role
for Disaster Risk
Reduction
 The Importance of Disaster Resilience in the Context of the Direction of the
President of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, 30 April 2020
"The government needs speed
to provide the safety of all
Indonesians although there is
no certainty when the
pandemic will end."
Presiden Joko Widodo
30 April 2020
Each expert has a different count of the Covid pandemic. We must
prepare ourselves with various scenarios: the mildest scenario, the
medium scenario, and the most severe scenario;
The government prepares mitigation measures, both mitigation of
health and economic impacts, and at the same time prepares recovery
measures if the spread of Covid-19 is already controlled;
Regarding reform in this pandemic period, the President said he must
look at how strong social security, economic resilience, and food
security, and how much dependence on other countries;
The Covid pandemic reminds us of the importance of health security. Now that
over the next few years, there are many issues to be resolved. The food sector
for example, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has warned of a food
crisis, famine that threatens the world;
The Head of State also paid special attention to the social safety net system,
especially in the current pandemic period because the affected communities
are very much, in almost all sectors, scattered throughout the country. 24
Key to Successful Disaster Management

Political
Building a Effective DM
Commitment to DM
the DM Implementation
System
 Disaster Management System
Consists of components, as follows:
Laws and Regulations
• Institutional
• Planning
• DM Implementation
• Resource Management
• Funding

Source: Sugeng Triutomo, 2021

 National Long Term Plan

National Mater Plan for

Disaster Management

National Plan Sendai Framework National Mid-term Plan

of Disaster
Management Sendai Framework

(Renas PB)

Emergency Plan Emergency Operational Plan

Disaster Risk Plan Recovery Plan

DM Implementation: it has tobe measurable, integrated, and structured

 IMPLEMENTATION OF DM NATIONAL PLAN IN
THE LOCAL LEVEL
NATIONAL DM PLAN ( 5 YEARS PLAN)
DM Introduction and assessment of disaster threats
MASTER PLAN
1. Understanding of community vulnerability
2020-2044
2. Analysis of possible disaster impacts
3. Disaster risk reduction action options
4. Determination of readiness mechanisms and impact management
5. Allocation of tasks, authorities, and resources available
Referred by

DM PLAN AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL ( 5 YEARS PLAN)

Refer to
DM PLAN AT KABUPATEN/MUNICIPALITY LEVEL ( 5 YEARS PLAN)
10
MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS

MINIMUM SERVICES STANDARDS NEED TO BE INTEGRATED

Into the Regional Development Planning Document Ministry 0fHome Affairs
Regulation no.101/2018:
MMS on DM
LG Mid-term Plan
Implementation
RPJMD
MSS Process
1 LG Strategic Plan
Planning
Renstra-PD Type for receiver
Basic Services Process
2 Budgeting
1. Identify the recipient;
MSS LG Annual Plan 2. Identify the availability Process
3 of basic Integration into
RKPD goods/services; planning documents
3. Identification of the (MSS Fulfillment Integration into
4 fulfillment of basic planning documents
Program).
LG Work Plan needs that are the
5 responsibility of local (MSS Fulfillment
Renja-PD governments; Program).
4. Implementation of
Basic Service
LG Budget Plan The Minister's
fulfillment.
APBD 5. Regulation on Diatur PP/Permen
Planning Penganggaran
Material Arranged In
GR 2/2018: MSS
MSS: Minimum Services Standard
LG: Local Government 12
 JOINT AFFAIRS DISASTER MANAGEMENT
PENANGGULANGAN BENCANA URUSAN BERSAMA
UU no. 24/ 2007 tentang (regulator)
Penanggulangan Bencana
Pemerintah dan pemerintah daerah (catalisator)
(Enabler)
bertanggungjawab dalam
penyelenggaraan penanggulangan
bencana
Pentahelix
collaboration
UU no. 23/ 2014 tentang
Pemerintahan Daerah
Penanggulangan bencana sebagai
urusan wajib dan pelayanan dasar (Conceptor) (Accelerator)
dalam penyelenggaraan
pemerintahan daerah,
 BUILDING DISASTER RESILIENT COMMUNITIES BY
DISASTER LITERACY IMPROVEMENT

Tacit
knowledge
(Local)
Data Information Knowledge Wisdom/ Making New
Intelligence Decision conditions

Explicit
knowledge

Iterative Pattern *) including geoforental and geo-risk

results (dimensions of space and Causes of
(Verticalization time and scale/ magnitude) disaster:
Process): Awareness  Disaster Literacy  Pre-Event Earthquake;
glossaries (fundamental eruptions,
understanding; knowledge tsunamis,
Education floods (flash),
capital) Event - droughts, forest
 Pool Capitals (Build
Knowledge*) Aftermath fires; strong
capacity and movement winds
capability)
Culture - Ethics Rehabilitation –
Reconstruction
Life Style (Resilience) (Build Back Better)
 Main Stakeholders in Disaster Management
President

National MoHeath A. MoSoc.A .MCGA GA-MoEMR MCGA GA-MoEMR

policy, MoHomeA. MoEnvForr.A MoAgriA MoSocA MoEduA MoAgriA
regulation MoEdu A MoPW MoPW MoHealthA MoSocA MoEnvForrA
and budget MCGA GA-MoEMR Basarnas, INBfDM & MHomeA MoHomeA and INBfDM
allocation INBfDM INAF and INP MoPW
Take a lead
in action

Pre-Disaster Emergency Post-Disaster

LocGov Unit: BPBD INAF and INP LocGov Unit: PW, BPBD
Take a lead
NDOs NBfDM Companies LocGov Unit: BPBD Basarnas NDOs INBfDM Companies
in action
Communities (e.q. Destana NDOs INBfDM Companies Communities (e.q. Destana
Executor -
and Katana) Communities (e.q. Destana and Katana)
organizer
and Katana)

INBfDM (Ina. Nat. Body for Disaster Mgt/BNPB); INAF (Ina. Arm Force), INP (Ina. Nat. Police), MCGA (Meteorological, Climate and Geophysics Agency), GA-MoEMR
(Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources), Basarnas (Nat. Search and Rescue Agency), MOPW (Ministry of Public Works), BPBD (Loc. Gov. unit
for Disaster Management)
 Disaster Management Institutions of Extreme Weather (An example of Institutional
Arrangement)
ACT31/2009:
ACT 24/2007: Policy
Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics
• Availability of data and status of MCG
Disster Management (DM)
System
• Establish the status of climate-weather (Extreme Weather)

BMKG
BNPB
DR MANAGEMENT
Preparedness Availability of data and status of MCG Institutional
Disaster analysis
• Vulnerability analysis BPBD*) BPBD BPBD
Arragement
• Formulate and empower
Pemda-1 Pemda-2 Pemda-n
prevention and mitigation
readiness capacity
Region Formal
In an emergency Co-ordinatation:
Early predictions and warnings Synchronization &
• Emergency response capacity harmonization Operating
• Implementation of emergency System/
measures
Recovery
Region Fungsional Implementation
Logistics
*) BPBD under the Stakeholders
guidance of the Ministry • Rehabilitation & Reconstruction
BNPB: National Disaster Management Agency
of Home Affairs BPBD (Local Government Unit): Local Disaster Management Unit
Terima kasih
Thank You