ART

INTEGRATION
PROJECT
By
Dhanya Malasri
Class 12 physics
CHAPTER 7
Optical
Instruments
Components of Optical Instruments

Typical spectroscopic instruments contain five components: (1) a

stable source of radiant energy, (2) a transparent container for
holding the sample, (3) a device that isolates a restricted region
of the spectrum for measurement, (4) a radiation detector that
converts radiant energy into a signal detector, (5) a signal
processor and readout.
Components of Optical Instruments
◦ Absorption
◦ Fluorescence
◦ Phosphorescence
◦ Scattering
◦ Emission
◦ Chemiluminescence
Rayleigh & Raman Scattering
◦ Occur when the dimensions of the particles that cause the
scattering are small in comparison to the wavelength of the
incident radiation. Dissolved particles can result in
Rayleigh and Raman scattering.
◦ A type of Raman Spectrometer: FRA 106/S Spectrometer
Sources of Radiation
Requirements
◦ Sufficient power
◦ Stability over long periods of time
◦ Voltage regulation required as radiant power varies exponentially with voltage
Lasers
Lasers
◦ Pumping
◦ Spontaneous emission (fluorescence)
◦ Stimulated emission
◦ Absorption
Wavelength Selectors
Filters
◦ Interference Filters
◦ Interference Wedges
◦ Absorption Filters
Wavelength Selectors
Monochromators- one color - pass a narrow band of
wavelengths

The SURE_SPECTRUM is an imaging spectrograph and

scanning monochromator that features dual exit ports for
maximum flexibility.
Wavelength Selectors
View of inside of monochromator
Wavelength Selectors
Radiation Transducers
Photomultiplier
Radiation Transducers
Photodiode Arrays (PDA)
Radiation Transducers
Charge Transfer Devices
◦ Charge Injection Devices (CID)
◦ Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD)
Signal Processors & Readouts
Photon Counting
Advantages:
◦ Improved signal-to-noise ratio
◦ Sensitivity to low radiation levels
◦ Improved precision for a given measurement time
◦ Lowered sensitivity to photomultiplier tube voltage and
temperature fluctuations
◦ Detection method of choice in fluorescence, chemiluminescence,
and Raman spectrometry
Signal Processors & Readouts
Photon Counting
Disadvantages:
◦ Required equipment is more
complex and expensive
◦ Technique has not been
widely applied for routine
molecular absorption
measurements in ultraviolet
and visible regions
Principles of Fourier Transform
Optical Measurements
◦ Transforms data set from time domain to frequency domain
◦ Advantages
◦ Throughput
◦ High resolving power
◦ Interferometers
◦ Michelson
◦ Mach-Zender
◦ Fabry-Perot
References
◦ www.anachem.umu.se/jumpstation.htm
◦ www.anachem.umu.se/cgi/jumpstation.exe?AtomicSpectroscopy
◦ www.anachem.umu.se/cgi/jumpstation.exe?OpticalMolecularSpectroscopy
◦ www.minyos.its.rmit.edu.au/~rcmfa/mstheory.html
◦ http://science.widener.edu/sub/ftir/intro_it.html
◦ http://www.s-a-s.org/
◦ http://www.chemsw.com
◦ http://www.scimedia.com/chem-ed/spec/atomic/aa.html
◦ http://www.chemistry.msu.edu/courses/cem333/Chapter%207%20-%20Components%20of%20Optical%20Instruments.pdf
◦ http://www.brukeroptics.com/
◦ http://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8248/M248_99/autorad/Scint/pmt.html
◦ http://www.spectralproducts.com
◦ http://www.parallax-tech.com/twotubes.htm
◦ http://www.thespectroscopynet.com/Educational/Gratings.htm
◦ http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/digitalimaging/concepts/ebccd.html
◦ http://www.cerncourier.com/main/article/43/2/7/1/cernnews9_3-03