Physics Project

Class:XII-B
Roll Number:34
X-RAYS
What are X-Rays?

 Short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation usually produced by bombarding a metal

target in a vacuum. Used to create images of the internal structure of objects; this is
possible because x-rays pass through most objects and can expose photographic film.
 It can be used to examine most areas of the body. They're mainly used to look at the bones
and joints, although they're sometimes used to detect problems affecting soft tissue, such
as internal organs. Problems that may be detected during an X-ray include: bone fractures
and breaks.
 It was discovered by WILHELM ROENTGEN. When Roentgen held a piece of lead in
front of the electron-discharge tube, it blocked the rays, but he was shocked to see his own
flesh glowing around his bones on the fluorescent screen behind his hand. He then placed
photographic film between his hand and the screen and captured the world's first X-
ray image.
How do X-Rays work ?

 A small amount of ionising radiation is passed through the body. In the past, this went onto
a sheet of special film.
 Nowadays x-ray examinations are more likely to use a device that will capture transmitted
x-rays to create an electronic image.
 The calcium in bones blocks the passage of radiation, so healthy bones show up as white or
grey. On the other hand, radiation passes easily through air spaces, so healthy lungs appear
black.
Harmful effects of X-Rays

 Due to their relatively smaller physical size, children are more sensitive to the radiation as
it could badly affect their genitals.
 Exposure to radiation as a foetus ups the chances of cancer by 40%, of developing tumour
by 50% and of leukemia by 70%.
 Thyroid glands, which are the primary glands of metabolism and energy, are also known
victims of x-rays. They are particularly sensitive to radiation because of which, excessive
exposure to radiation can lead to various thyroid conditions. 
 Reports say that when exposed to x-rays, especially in the lower abdominal region, a
person is at the risk of developing genetic damage that could turn hereditary.
 They also link diseases like diabetes, high BP, coronary heart disease, strokes and cataracts
with exposure to x-rays.
Prevention from X-Rays

We can protect ourself from X- Rays by:

• Reduce Time: By reducing the time of exposure to a radiation source, the dose to the
worker is reduced in direct proportion with that time.
• Increase distance: When appropriate, increase the distance between you and the radiation
source (e.g., sealed source, x-ray tube).
• Use shielding: The third exposure control is based on the proper radiation shields, automatic
interlock devices, and in-place radiation monitoring instruments.
• Tell the X-ray technologist in advance if you are, or might be, pregnant. Ask if a protective
shield can be used. If you or your children are getting an X-ray, ask whether a lead apron or
other shield should be used. Ask your dentist if he/she uses the faster (E or F) speed film
for X-rays.