Modern Optics

Contents in Ch 1-5

Tuo Yin
Contents in Ch2
• Energy flow, Poynting vector
• Polarization
• Quarter-wave Plate
• Jones Vector
• Orthogonal polarization
• Eigenvector
• Reflection and refraction
• Total internal reflection

2
 Energy flow
Poynting vector

Plane wave

Operator
relations
where

3
 Polarization
±

Linear polarization Elliptic polarization Circular polarization

4
 Quarter-wave Plate

Circular polarized wave

thickness d

𝑛2

𝑛1

5
 Jones Vector

General form

Jones Vector

Jones Matrices

6
Orthogonal polarization

Definition

In terms of Jones vectors

and are orthogonal if

Three pairs of orthogonal waves 7

 Eigenvector
• Polarization state is unchanged
• Amplitude change & phase change
Jones matrices of Eigenvector Eigenvalue
an optical element

Solve equation

Find by solving secular equation

Find by solving
8
Reflection and refraction at a plane boundary

At boundary
𝑘
′′
𝑛2
= =𝑛 Snell’s law
𝑘
′
𝑛 1

9
 Amplitudes of reflected and refracted
waves

Boundary condition

10
 Coefficients of reflection
and transmission

Form 1

When
Form 2

Reflectance (reflected energy)

Normal incidence When ,.

11
Total internal reflection

• Evanescent wave
• Phase changes

12
 Evanescent wave
𝑅 𝑠=𝑅 𝑝 =1
Total internal reflectance
𝑇 𝑠=𝑇 𝑝 =0

Evanescent wave

amplitude drop off rapidly when

transmitted into rarer medium

13
 Phase changes
Total internal reflectance

/4 Phase difference
Fresnel’s Rhomb
𝟓𝟒∘
14
 Reflection and Transmission matrices

Reflection matrix

Transmission matrix

Case 1: normal incidence

Case 2: grazing incidence

Case 3:total internal reflection

15
 Coherence and interference
𝜌
∇ ∙ 𝐸=
𝜀0
in vacuum
Linear superposition

Interference term Phase difference

Coherence:

16
 Partial coherence and fringe visibility
𝑡
𝑡+𝜏

Degree of partial coherence

Fringe visibility if

17
Coherence time and coherence length

Solve equation

Coherence length 𝑙𝑐 =𝑐 𝜏 0

Coherence time

Phase of source Phase difference if Coherence of source 18

When the source is not strictly monochromatic

Fourier transform

A single wave with finite duration

Coherence time Coherence length

19
Temporal and spatial coherence

Spatial coherence length

Temporal coherence length 20

21
Contents in Ch5
• Fresnel Kirchhoff integral formula
• Huygens’ principle
• Distinguish Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction
• Fraunhofer diffraction
• Fresnel diffraction
• Apply FT to diffraction
• Apodization
• Spatial filtering
• Phase contrast and phase gratings
22
Fresnel Kirchhoff integral formula
¿0

¿
Kirchhoff integral theorem

Fresnel Kirchhoff integral formula 23

Huygens’ principle
Fresnel Kirchhoff integral formula

“Propagation of a light wave can be predicted by assuming

that each point of the wave front acts as the source of a
secondary wave that spreads out in all directions. The
envelop of all the secondary waves is the new wave front.”

In case of a circular aperture,

Obliquity factor
Incident wave
24
Distinguish Fraunhofer and Fresnel
diffraction

Fraunhofer diffraction Fresnel diffraction

Fraunhofer diffraction:
Curvature of wave front
25
Fraunhofer diffraction
Fresnel Kirchhoff integral formula

Assumptions:

• dominates

Observe Fraunhofer diffraction

Derive the diffraction pattern of
A. Single slit
B. Rectangular aperture
C. Circular aperture
D. Double slit
E. Multiple slit, diffraction gratings 26
A. Single slit

𝑟 =𝑟 0 + 𝑦 sin 𝜃

𝑟0

27
B. Rectangular aperture

28
C. Circular aperture

𝑦
𝑢= 𝜌= 𝑘𝑅 sin 𝜃
𝑅

+1

𝑟 =𝑟 0 + 𝑦 sin 𝜃 ¿2𝐶 𝑅 𝑒
2 𝑖𝑘 𝑟 0
∫ 𝑒𝑖𝑢 𝜌 √ 1− 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
−1

𝜋 𝐽1 (𝜌 )
¿
𝜌

𝑖𝑘𝑟 0 2 𝐽 1( 𝜌 )
¿ 𝐶 𝜋 𝑅2 𝑒
𝜌

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝐴=2 √ 𝑅 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 2

29
C. Circular aperture

𝐷=2 𝑅( 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 )

Rayleigh criterion
30
D. Double slit

Why?

sin 𝛽 2
( )
𝛽

cos 2 𝛾
Angular separation
2𝜋 𝜆
⇒∆𝜃≈ =
𝑘h h

31
E. Multiple slit, diffraction gratings

sin 𝛽 2
( )
𝛽
cos 2 𝛾
Principle maxima occurs at
n: order of diffraction
Grating formula

32
 E. Resolving power of a grating
sin 𝛽 2
( )
𝛽
2
Principle maxima (n: order of diffraction)
cos 𝛾 Minima (N: # of slits)

1 1 𝜋 𝜆
① Angular width of principle fringes ∆ 𝛾 = 𝑘h [ sin ( 𝜃+∆ 𝜃)− sin 𝜃 ] = 𝑘h cos 𝜃 ∆ 𝜃= ⇒ ∆ 𝜃=
2 2 𝑁 𝑁h cos 𝜃 (1)

𝑛∆ 𝜆
② Order n is given 𝑛 𝜆=h sin 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑛 ∆ 𝜆=h [ sin (𝜃 + ∆ 𝜃) −sin 𝜃 ] = h cos 𝜃 ∆ 𝜃 ⇒ ∆ 𝜃 = (2)
h cos 𝜃

𝜆
From Eq. (1) and (2), 𝑁h cos 𝜃 = 𝜆 ∙ 1 =1 ⇒ 𝑅𝑃 = 𝜆 = 𝑁𝑛
𝑛∆ 𝜆 ∆ 𝜆 𝑁𝑛 ∆𝜆
h cos 𝜃
33
Fresnel diffraction Divide the aperture into concentric circles with radius

1 1 −1
𝐿=( + )
h h′

|𝑈 𝑝|=|𝑈 1| −|𝑈 2|+|𝑈 3|−|𝑈 4|+ ⋯

Area of each zone
So |𝑈 𝑛|=|𝑈1|

① With aperture

② Without aperture

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A. Rectangular aperture 𝑈 𝑝=𝐶∯ 𝑒 𝑖𝑘(𝑟+𝑟 ′)
𝑑𝐴

Fresnel integral

Cornu spiral

35
Cornu spiral

36
Infinite aperture:

𝑈 𝑝 =𝑈 0=𝑈 1 (1+𝑖)2

37
 Fresnel diffraction by a straightedge

B. Slit and straightedge

① Long slit 𝑢1=− ∞ 𝑢2 =+∞

𝑈0 𝑣2
¿ (1+𝑖) [ 𝐶 ( 𝑥 ) +𝑖𝑆( 𝑣) ]
( 1+𝑖 ) 2
𝑣1

𝐼 /𝐼 0

② Straightedge 𝑢1=− ∞ 𝑢2 =+∞ 𝑣 1=− ∞

38
Apply FT to diffraction

𝑃 :( 𝑋 ,𝑌 )≈ (𝐿𝛼 , 𝐿 𝛽)

① Uniform aperture

𝑈 ( 𝑥,𝑦 )=∫ 𝑒 𝑖𝑘𝑥𝑋 /𝐿

𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑖𝑘𝑦𝑌 /𝐿
𝑑𝑦
𝑓 =𝐿
② Nonuniform aperture

Spatial frequency

39
Apodization
① A single slit

{
𝑏 𝑏
< 𝑦< 1−
Aperture function 𝑔 ( 𝑦 )= 2 2
0 𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
FT 𝑏 𝑣𝑏
2 sin ( )
2
𝑈 ( 𝑣 ) = ∫ 𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =𝑏
𝑏 𝑣𝑏
−
2 2

② Altered by apodization

{
FT of aperture function 𝑏 𝑏
cos ( 𝜋 𝑦 / 𝑏)− < 𝑦<
𝑔 ( 𝑦 )= 2 2
0 𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
FT

40
 Spatial filtering
𝑔( 𝑥, 𝑦 )
FT
𝑈 (𝑢, 𝑣 )
IFT 𝑇 (𝑢 , 𝑣 )𝑈 (𝑢 , 𝑣 )
𝑔′ ( 𝑥 ′ , 𝑦 ′ )

Modify T(u,v) Spatial filtering

Input signal
Filter

41
Output signal
Phase contrast and phase gratings
Phase grating
FT
Phase function

Phase contrast
𝑈 ( 𝑣 ) =𝑈 1 ( 𝑣 ) +𝑖 𝑈 2 ( 𝑣 ) 𝑈 ( 𝑣 ) =𝑈 1 ( 𝑣 ) +𝑈 2 ( 𝑣 )

42