"They Will Fight Against You But Will Not Overcome You, For I Am With You and Will Rescue You," Declares The LORD

Jer.
1: 19
“They will fight against you but will not

overcome you, for I am with you and will
rescue you,” declares the LORD.
KMT-14-JESUS IS LORD
BASIC TISSUES
Tissue
• Definition?
• Classified according to size, shape and
function
TISSUES
• Four basic types:
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle (muscular tissue)
4. Nerve (nervous tissue)
* Every structure in the body is made up of

varying combinations of these tissues.
Epithelium
• Continuous sheet of cells with little or no
intercellular spaces b/n them
• Covers exterior of body & almost all its

interior surfaces
EPITHELIUM
• Origin: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
• Mesothelium – membranous lining of the

body cavity
• Endothelium – membranous lining of the

heart, blood vessels & lymphatics
EPITHELIUM
General characteristics
 Cell-rich tissue
 Avascular
 Regenerative ability/mitotic capability
 Cell junctions
 Cell surface specialisation e.g. cilia
 Polarization
 Free apical surface & basal lamina
EPITHELIUM
Types
Two main types based on function;
1. covering epithelium
2. glandular epithelium (exocrine & endocrine
glands)
EPITHELIUM
Functions:
Protective
e.g. epidermis, lining of colon
Absorptive
e.g. kidney tubules, pulmonary alveoli
Secretory
e.g. intestinal goblet cells
EPITHELIUM
Covering Epithelium -
Classification:
a. Number of layers in relation to basement
membrane
i. simple
ii. Stratified
iii. Pseudostratified
iv. Transitional
EPITHELIUM
b. Shape of cells at free surface
i. Squamous
ii. Cuboidal
iii. Columnar
EPITHELIUM
Simple epithelia
a. Simple squamous – flattened irregular cells
e.g. tubules in kidney medullar,
endothelial walls of narrow blood vessels,
lining of the alveoli
b. Simple cuboidal
e.g. collecting tubules of kidneys, salivary glands,
covering of ovaries
EPITHELIUM
c. Simple columnar
e.g. lining of small & large intestines
i. simple columnar ciliated – secretory e.g.
lining
of oviducts
ii. Striated / brush border – absorptive
d. Pseudostratified
– pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
e.g. nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, vas
deferens
EPITHELIUM
Stratified Epithelia
a. Stratified squamous – two types
i. keratinizing e.g. epidermis
ii. Non-keratinizing e.g. lining of vagina,
oesophagus & oral cavity
b. Stratified cuboidal
e.g. ducts of exocrine glands
EPITHELIUM
c. Stratified columnar
e.g. parts of the urethra (distal)
d. Transitional/urothelium
e.g. bladder, proximal urethra
Epithelium
Grandular epithelium -
• Glands are derived from epithelium.
They later invaginate, and either loose contact
with the epithelial surface or maintain contact
through their ducts.
Glandular epithelium
Criteria for classification
• Number of cells:
- unicellular- one cell e.g. goblet cell;
- multicellular- more than one cell e.g. thyroid, sweat glands
• Presence or absence of ducts:
- endocrine- lack ducts, secretions diffuse into blood
vascular system e.g. thyroid gland;
- exocrine- have ducts through which secretions are
transported to destinations e.g. sweat glands
Grandular epithelium
• Nature of duct system:
simple- unbranched duct e.g. crypts of lieberkhun in
large intestines;
compound- branched ducts e.g. salivary glands
• Shape of secretoy unit:
tubular- e.g. crypts of lieberkhun;
acinar/alveolar- sac like
• Mode of secretion:
- holocrine- whole cell lost along with secretory
products e.g. sebaceous gland, testes and ovary;
- apocrine- a part of cell is lost along with secretory
products e.g. mammary gland;
- merocrine- only secretory products released e.g.
salivary glands
Type of secretion:
- serous- thin watery (protenatious) fluids e.g.
pancreas and parotid glands;
- mucous- viscid-like (mucoid) fluids e.g. brunners
gland in duodenum;
- seromucous- mixture of serous and mucous
secretions e.g. sudmandibular and sublingual glands
Examples of exocrine glands
• Simple straight tubular: crypts of Lieberkhun in large
intestines
• Simple coiled tubular: sweat glands in the dermis of skin
• Simple branched tubular: glands of pyloric part of stomach
and cervix of uterus
• Simple unbranched acinar: seminal vesicles
Examples of exocrine glands
• Simple branched acinar: sebaceous glands around
hair follicles
• Compound tubular: Brunners (submucosal) glands of
the duodenum
• Compound acinar: pancreas
• Compound tubulo-acinar: submandibular and
sublingual glands
Examples of endocrine glands
• Pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri)
• Pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri)
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid gland
• Suprarenal (adrenal) gland
Epithelium
Intercellular junctions
• Provide contact b/n
- Neighboring cells and
- b/n cells and extracellular matrix
Three types
• Tight junctions
• Gap or communicating junctions
• Desmosomes
Epithelium
Tight junction/zonula occludens
• Most apical of all the junctions
• Totally encircles the cells
• Prevent flow of materials through the spaces b/n
cells
• In stomach and intestine - prevent enzymes from
destroying tissues beneath
• Exception is blood cells and metastic cells
Epithelium
Epithelium
Desmosomes
• Tight junction in a zipper form
• Does not totally encircle the cell
• Enables cells to resist mechanical stress
• Small gap b/n cells filled with glycoprotein
• Intermediate filaments form cytoskeleton
• Common in epidermis, cardiac muscles, cervix
of uterus
Epithelium
Epithelium
Gap junction/nexus
• Can occur anywhere along the lateral membranes of
epithelial cells
• Individual unit of Gap junction is called connexon
• Each connexon is formed by six gap junction proteins called
connexins
Epithelium
Gap/communicating junction
• Connexons of adjacent cells are arranged to form a
hydrophobic channel b/n the two cells
• Allows molecules/ions to move from one cell to another
• Found in intercalated disc of cardiac muscles and in smooth

muscles
Epithelium
Epithelium
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Mostly mesodermal in origin
• Characterised by a relatively small number of cells in
a large volume of extracellular matrix comprising:
a. Fibres – three types:
i. Collagen
ii. Reticular fibres
iii. Elastic fibres
b. Ground substance
CT
Collagenic Fibres:
•Large fibres made of the protein collagen and are
typically the most abundant fibres.
•Promote tissue flexibility.
Elastic Fibres:
• Intermediate fibres made of the protein elastin.
•Branching fibres that allow for stretch and recoil
CT
Reticular Fibres:
•Small delicate, branched fibres that have same
chemical composition as collagenic fibres.
•Forms structural framework for organs such as
spleen and lymph nodes.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Some Cells of CT
• fibroblasts
• macrophages
• mast cells
• chondrocytes
• osteoblast
• osteocytes
CONNECTIVE TISSUE(CONTD.)
General Functions:
Framework upon which epithelial tissue rest
Muscle and nerve tissue are embedded within
Blood vessels & nerves travel through
Mechanical support for other tissues
Avenue for communication & transport
among other tissues
Major types:
1. Proper
a. loose (areolar tissue) – superficial fascia,
surrounding tissue of nerves & muscle fibres
b. dense (fibrous tissue)
i. regular - tendon, ligaments,
aponeuroses
ii. Irregular - dermis of skin, periosteum,
submucosa of alimentary canal
2. Special
a. adipose tissue (fat)
- adipocytes – cell type
- body’s main long-term energy reserve
- insulate against heat loss
- softly cushions certain parts of the body
- two subtypes: white and brown
b. blood cells
1. Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
2. White blood cells (leucocytes)
Granular leucocytes:
i. neutrophils – multilobed nucleus (drumstick
appendage) and fine granules.
- form 50-70% of total leukocyte count
ii. Basophils – S-shaped nucleus and large

granules
- 0.5%
iii. Eosinophils – bilobed nucleus &
azurophilic granules
- 1 to 4 %
3. Platelets (thrombocytes)
Nongranular leucocytes:
i. Lymphocytes
ii. Monocytes
c. cartilage:
. give form to certain structures
. form articular surfaces of synovial joints
. chondrocytes - in lacunae (matrix)
. perichondrium – CT covering
. lack blood vessels (avascular)
Subtypes of cartilage:
i. hyaline – tracheal rings, sternal ends of
ribs, epiphyseal plate
ii. Elastic – pinna of ear, epiglottis, Eustachian tube
iii. Fibrocartilage – intervertebral discs,

symphysis pubis
(lacks perichondrium in adult life)
d. bone
. matrix heavily calcified
. osteocytes - in lacunae (matrix)
. periosteum – CT covering
. parts:
- compact (outer)
- spongy (inner)
d. bone
Histologic appearance:
-Lacunae
-Canaliculi
-Haversian system
-Haversian canal
-Periosteum
-osteocyte
MUSCLE
• Aggregation of cells specialized for movement
of tissues, organs.
• 1° function is contraction for the purpose of
performing mechanical work.
MUSCLE
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
 elongated cells – myocytes
(heart muscle cells - cardiomyocytes)
 contractile proteins
– actin (thin filament),
- myosin (thick filaments) and
- other accessory proteins
Muscle x’tics
 basement membrane
 Held together by CT- endomysium,
perimysium, epimysium
 Rich blood supply
Mostly mesodermal in origin.
muscle
Note:
• Plasma membrane – sarcolemma
• SER – sarcoplasmic reticulum
• Filaments – myofilaments
• Cytoplasm - sarcoplasm
muscle
Classification – appearance and function
a) Morphology – 3 types
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
b) Function – 2 types
voluntary - skeletal
involuntary – cardiac & smooth
muscle
Skeletal muscle:
. Muscle fibres and connective tissue
• Cells: extremely elongated (cylindrical in shape),
multinucleated & with cross striations in L/S
• Nuclei peripherally located
• Contraction is quick & forceful and under voluntary
control
• Moves skeleton, tongue, eyeball, pharynx,
diaphragm, upper part of oesophagus
muscle
• Connective Tissue Associated with Skeletal
Muscles
1.Endomysium – loose CT that surrounds each
muscle fibre
2. Perimysium – thicker layer of CT that
surrounds a group of muscle fibres to form a
bundle or fascicle
muscle
3. Epimysium – outermost sheath of dense CT
that surrounds the entire collection of
fascicles in the muscle.
The major vascular and nerve supply of the

muscle passes through the epimysium
muscle
Cardiac muscle
• Heart and some great vessels attached to the
heart
• Cells are elongated and branched and are
mononucleated
• Shows striations
Cardiac muscle cont.
• Cells joined end to end via intercalated discs
• Nucleus centrally located in cell
• Contraction is strong and rhythmic and
involuntary
• Found in heart, SVC, pulmonary vein
muscle
Smooth muscle
• Centrally located nucleus
• No intercalated disc
• Fusiform mononucleated cells
• Shows no striations
• Contraction is slow, continuous, and involuntary
• Found in walls of blood vessels and hollow or tubular
organs
NERVE TISSUE
• Ectodermal in origin
• Formed by neurons (nerve cells) and
supporting cells
. Glial cells- supporting cells of CNS: these
include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes,
microglia and ependymal cells
. Schwann cells and satellite cells -
supporting cells of PNS
Structure of a neuron
NERVE TISSUE(CONTD.)
• Neurons: cellular units of structure and
function in the NS
. Parts: 2 main parts
1.Cell body (Soma,Perikaryon): the nucleus
containing region of the neuron, therefore the
centre of the metabolic and integrative
functions of the neuron
2.Nerve cell processes- axons and dendrites
a. Axons- effector processes which convey nerve
impulses away from the cell body to another
neuron or muscle or gland
b. Dendrites- receptor processes whose main
function is to receive info from other nerve
cells and carry such info to the cell body
Nerve Cell Classification
• a. Unipolar (Pseudo-unipolar neurons) –
single, short process that divides close to the
cell body into a peripherally running dendrite
and a centrally running axon.
• Processes continuous without intervening cell

body.
• e.g. sensory neurons of the spinal cord
b. Bipolar neuron – has an axon and a
dendrite.
e.g. olfactory neurons
c. Multipolar neuron – has many processes (a
large number of dendrites and only one axon)
e.g. motor neurons of the spinal cord
• Supporting Cells of The NS
1. Oligodendrocytes: Myelin-forming cells of
the CNS
2. Astrocytes:
Regulate potassium concentration in nerve tissue.
Transport nutrients between neural cells and
blood capillaries
3. Microglia: Phagocytic cells of the CNS
4. Ependymal cells(Ependyma): forms epithelial
lining for ventricles of the brain and central

canal of the spinal cord
5. Schwann cells: myelin-forming cells of the
PNS
6. Satellite cells: form an epitheloid layer

around nerve cell bodies ( ganglion cells)
in the PNS
CT COVERINGS
SYNAPSES
•Muscular system

"They Will Fight Against You But Will Not Overcome You, For I Am With You and Will Rescue You," Declares The LORD

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"They Will Fight Against You But Will Not Overcome You, For I Am With You and Will Rescue You," Declares The LORD

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Jer.

“They will fight against you but will not

* Every structure in the body is made up of

• Covers exterior of body & almost all its

• Mesothelium – membranous lining of the

• Endothelium – membranous lining of the

• Allows molecules/ions to move from one cell to another

• Found in intercalated disc of cardiac muscles and in smooth

ii. Basophils – S-shaped nucleus and large

ii. Elastic – pinna of ear, epiglottis, Eustachian tube

iii. Fibrocartilage – intervertebral discs,

The major vascular and nerve supply of the

• Processes continuous without intervening cell

4. Ependymal cells(Ependyma): forms epithelial

lining for ventricles of the brain and central

6. Satellite cells: form an epitheloid layer

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