BAAO COMMUNITY COLLEGE

San Juan, Baao, Camarines Sur

Email add: baaocommunitycollege@gmail.com
College of Education

ARCHITECTURE

JESUS B. RANCES, LPT MARICON B. RANCES, LPT

Instructor, Baao Community College Instructor, Baao Community College
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
ARCHITECTURE
The beginning of architecture must be placed
within the Neolithic Age, the New Stone Age,
which lasted roughly from 8000 to 3000 BC.
Before the Neolithic Age (during Paleolithic and
Mesolithic periods), man used caves for shelter
and most probably for religious ceremonies.
 The oldest traces of early man are tools made
of stone. Some of these tools are more than
200,000 years old. One of the earliest pieces of
sculpture is the Venus of Willendorf made
between 30,000 and 25,000 BC and found in
Krems, Austria. The cave paintings of Altamira in
Spain were dated between 15,000 and 10,000
BC.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
ARCHITECTURE
The development of Western architecture can
be divided into four formal periods:
1. Ancient World
2. Medieval Period
3. The Modern World
4. The Contemporary World
ARCHITECTURE IN THE
ANCIENT WORLD
In the Ancient World, architecture can be
categorized into four (4) areas:
1. Architecture of Mesopotamia
2. Architecture of Ancient Egypt
3. Aegean and Ancient Architecture
4. Etruscan and Ancient Roman.
ARCHITECTURE of
Mesopotamia
The temple became the predominant
building type in Mesopotamia. Since there was
no local supply of stone, mud bricks and fired
bricks were the principal building materials.
ARCHITECTURE of
Mesopotamia
1. Architecture of the Sumerians – The typical
building of the Sumerians was the ziggurat. The
architectural emphasis is a centralized
arrangement of the structure which has a
vertical axis that conveys a sense of stability and
order. The temple on top of the ziggurat
represents the god-centered structure of the
society and this society’s dependence on God.
ARCHITECTURE of
Mesopotamia
2. Architecture of the Assyrians – The palace
of King Sargon II stood as a representative of
the Assyrian sculpture. It was build above the
ground level of the city to impart the idea that
the king stood between the gods and his
people.
ARCHITECTURE of
Mesopotamia
3. Architecture of the Neo-Babylonians (575
BC) – The Ishtar-Gate in Babylon was built for
King Nebuchadnezzar II. This gate is lined with
several beasts done in brightly colored glazed
bricks and dedicated to the goddess Ishtar.
ARCHITECTURE of
Mesopotamia
4. Architecture of the Persians – The Royal
Palace at Persepolis is a representative of
Persian Architecture. The repetitive vertical
line represented by columns and ceremonial
figures is the overriding element of form
displayed in the Royal Palace.
ARCHITECTURE of Ancient
Egypt
Ancient Egyptian architecture in the Valley of
the Nile used readily available materials such as
seeds, papyrus, and palm branch ribs. Timber and
wood were utilized more than stone. The two
types of Egyptian architecture are the simple
stereometric shape of mass and rhythmically
articulated columnar hall. Tombs, pyramids, and
temples displayed these types of architecture.
1. Architecture of the Old
Kingdom (3000-2130 BC)
The mastaba (Arabic for “bench”), the Step
Pyramid of Zoser (near Cairo), and the
pyramids at Giza (near Cairo) are examples of
architecture build during this period.
1.Architecture of the Old
Kingdom (3000-2130 BC)
The mastaba is a rectangular brick or stone
structure w/ slopping flat or recessed sides,
erected over subterranean tomb chamber. The
simple stereometric and solid form of the
mastaba expressed the Egyptian aspiration for
permanence, security and concern for afterlife.
1.Architecture of the Old
Kingdom (3000-2130 BC)
The Step Pyramid of Zoser is a complex
structure consisting of an enclosed rectangular
of 545 x 278 outlets surrounded by a 10 meter
high wall of limestone. The architectural form
of this pyramid conveys the supremacy and
power of the king even after his death.
1.Architecture of the Old
Kingdom (3000-2130 BC)
The Pyramid at Giza signify the height of the
pharaonic power. The form symbolizes
permanence, stability and transcendence.
2.Architecture of the middle
Kingdom (2130-1580 BC)
Among the characteristic remains of the
Middle Kingdom are the rock-cut tombs at Beni-
Hasan. Frosted by a swallow columned portico,
the tombs contained the fundamental units of
Egyptian culture: portico or vestibule,
columned hall, and sacred chamber.
3. Architecture of the new Kingdom (1580-
322 BC)

If the most impressive monuments of the old

kingdom are its pyramids, those of the new
kingdom are the grandiose temples. An
example of an architectural master piece in
this period was the mortuary temple of Queen
Hatshepsut located at Deir el-Bahri.it was
constructed in 1500 BC.
 3. Architecture of the new Kingdom (1580-
322 BC)
The mortuary temple represents another
version of the combination of the horizontal
and vertical axes. The structures arises from
the valley floor in three colonnaded terraces
connected by ramps. Queen Hatshepsut wanted
it to be the symbol of peace on earth. This
temple provided adequate setting for the
religious services to a defied Queen.
3. Architecture of the new Kingdom (1580-
322 BC)

The architectural style and form in this period

was focused on sequences, progression,
symmetry, balance, and harmony with the
natural setting. Other temples established at
this time were the mortuary temple of Ramses
II, the temples of the ancient gods, the temple
of Amun-Re at Karnak and the Temple of Amun-
Mut-Khonsu at Luxor.
 Aegean and Ancient
Architecture
1. Aegean Architecture (1600-1200 BC)
The Palace at Knossos, Crete (1600-1400 BC) is an example
of Aegean architecture. The oblong shape of the court and the
general layout of the palace shows a centralized arrangement.
The rigid layout of the storage magazines puts forward the
values of efficient administrations and order.it was a setting
of harmonious living. The arrangement of the storage jars and
the drainage system testifies to efficiency and practically.
The Mycenacan Architecture (1400-1200 BC)
The Citadel of Tiryns was a representative
architecture of this era. The citadel consisted of
heavy walls that reveals a defensive character.
Through the walls, at interval, run corbeled
galleries, which probably served defensive
purposes. The architectural form of this era
signified and safety; perhaps also dominance and
power.
2. Ancient Greek Architecture
Ancient Greek Architecture is essentially
columnar and trabeated. The columns taper
towards the top. The effect is a muscular-like
human quality of columns. The spacing of the
column towards the corners is sometime
narrower, which also makes for the better,
dynamic visual appearance.
 In elevation, the Greek temple consists of three
parts: the platform or base, the columns, and the
superstructure and entablature. The combination of
three parts is called architectural order.
Doric order was the earliest of the Greek
architectural orders. The columns rest on the three-
stepped platform or base. The capital consist of
two elements, a lower, called echinus (circular and
cushion-like) and an upper, the abacus (square)
that provides the immediate support of the
entablature.
 The Doric order is massive and severe in
appearance. It is a muscular order. The Corinthian
order was developed much later, a variant of the
ionic order. It does not consist of volutes but of
stylized acanthus leaves. The Ionian and Corithian
orders were regarded as feminine. The Corinthian
and ionic orders from an inverted bell shape.
Etruscan and Ancient Roman Architecture
The Etruscan house was a simple rectangular structure which
grew progressively more complex. The Etruscan temple was
intended to function primarily as an interior space.it was a place
of shelter protected by the wide overhang of its roof.
Ancient roman architecture Is a combination of axis and
center. The romans were the first to develop interior
architectural space on large scale. The typical roman values of
order, persistent, tenacity on reaching the goal, superiority over
the barbarians, and the outgoing conquering mentality are all
embodied in the roman apartment house, the Colosseum or
Flavian Amphitheatre of Rome (70-83 AD),the basilica Ulpia in
Rome ,the pantheon, the Baths of Caracalla and the Basilica of
Maxentius in Rome.
Architectural in the Medieval World
The architectural form and style in this era are
classified into: (1) Early Christian and Byzantine
Architecture; (2) Islamic Architecture; (3)
Carolingian, Ottonian, and Romanesque
Architecture; and (4) Gothic Architecture
Early Christian Architecture
Early Christian architecture consisted of two
buildings types: the Christian Basilica, a rectangular
building with an apse for the altar at one end, and
as far as the form is concerned, based on the
straight line, interpreted as path; and the
martyrium, a circular building, interpreted as
center. Example of this type are the architectured
form of Santa Sabina, Santa Costanza, Old St. Peters
Basilica, and the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in
Jerusalem.
 Byzantine architecture is represented by San
Vitale Dome and Hagia Sophia. Byzantine architects
created a totally spiritualized space. The dome of
heaven served as a point of departure. The
spiritualized space of the dome of heaven is reached
only after passing through some preparatory low
and difficult spaces, symbolizing the necessary
persistent effort a Christian must exert to reach his
final destination.
Islamic Architecture (850-1600 AD)
The most important contribution of Islamic
architectural is the development of a new kind of
interior space, using the roman and byzantine dome
as a point of departure. Besides the mosque as the
principal building types of Islamic Architecture are
the Great Mosque of Samarra on the Tigris River, the
Alhambra Palace in Granada, Spain, and the
Mausoleum Taj Mahal in Agra, India.
Carolingian, Ottonian, And Romanesque Architecture [800-
900 AD]
Carolingian architecture was characterized by an emphasis
on the westwork, on the temporal power of the emperor.
The pope and the emperor join hands in perfect quality. This
architecture was exemplified by St. Micheal Church in Fulda,
Hesse, Germany.
Ottonian architecture is an architectural style which
flourished during the reign of Emperor Otto the great [936-
975]. The style was developed in mid 10th century and
lasted until the mid-11th century. The Ottonian preserves
the Carolinian double ended feature with apses at either end
of the church.
 Romanesque architecture (100-1200 AD) was characterized
by the bay system, cross- or groin-vaulting, semi-circular
arches for the opening in the walls, massive enclosing walls,
and the incorporation of towers into the church building
proper. Three types of church buildings were established
during this period: pilgrimage churches, monastic churches,
and imperial cathedrals. The prevailing type of Romanesque
church was the elongated basilica-type design along the
path. Examples of Romanesque architecture were the
cathedral Santiago de Compostela (pilgrimage church), Cluny
Abbey in France, Imperial Cathedral of Germany, St. Mark’s
Basilica in Venice, Italy, Basilica di Sant’Ambrogio in Milan
Italy, and Cathedral of Pisa in Tuscany, Italy.
Gothic Architecture [1150-1500 AD]
The gothic age produced just one primary building type, the
city cathedral. The feature of the Gothic style are; the pointed
arch, the flying buttress, and the rib vault that reflects the
transcendental character of gothic culture. The outside of the
cathedral is related to the interior space. Towers and spires
express the transcendental character as well. Gothic
architecture are carved or moulded architecture-the press,
door jambs, and widow frames, of gothic structure are carved
and moulded. Examples of Gothic architecture were the choir
of Abbey Church of Saint Denis, Laon Cathedral in Paris, Notre
Dame de Paris, Chartres Cathedral, Reims Cathedrals, and
Amiens Cathedral in France, Salisbury Cathedral in England, and
St. Elizabeth Cathedral in Germany.
Architecture in the Modern World
Architecture in the Modern World is divided
into Renaissance Architecture and Baroque
Architecture.
The Renaissance Architecture in Italy (1420-1600 AD)
The dome is a double shell structure built according to
Gothic style. Spaces and enclosing surfaces are on simple
proportional relationships. Basic module utilized the
paneling of white and colored marbles. Structures follow
the system of rectangles and circles. Renaissance
architecture makes man standing in the center of the dome,
revealing self-sufficient individuality of man, acting not by
the grace of God, but more by the power of his own agency.
The structures established during this time were the Santo
Spirito, Pazzi Chapel, Palazzo Medici Riccardi, and Palazzo
Rucellai in Florence, Italy and Basilica of Sant’Andrea in
Mantua, Italy.
Baroque Architecture (1600-1750 AD)
The original meaning of the term “baroque” was odd,
irregular, and grotesque. In 1880, the term lost its
derogatory flavor and became associated mainly with
the architecture of Barromini and Guarini. Baroque art
grew out of Renaissance art.
The architecture form of the Baroque architecture
consists of two centers and a path connecting them. One
center, the interior, is located under the tomb and is
occupied by the main altar. The other center, the
exterior is made up of the oblisk. The path connects the
exterior and interior space of the façade.
Baroque Architecture (1600-1750 AD)
Both centers, interior and exterior, convey the
meaning of goal, of arrival, arrival at the end of a
pilgrimage, and final arrival at the end of our life-
path under the dome of heaven. This type of
architecture is exemplified by the St. Peter’s
Basilica and San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane in Rome
and the Royal Church of San of Lorenzo in Turin,
Italy.
Architecture in the Contemporary World
Contemporary architecture is characterized by the use
of industrial material especially steel, glass and concrete
deprived of ornamentation and assembled so as to form
simple geometrical volumes freely laid out in space.
The development of architecture prior to the
international style includes Romanticism (1750-1850 AD)
and beyond; Architecture of the Engineers (1800-1900
AD); Architecture of the Chicago School; Architecture of
Art Nouveau; Architecture of Pioto-Rationalism; and
Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright up to 1914.
Architecture of Romanticism
The architecture of Romantic Classicism was more
linear, stiffer, geometrically more regular, and more
academic than its Italian counterparts. Romantic
Naturalism expressed freedom from rules and an
escape from the harsh rigor of reason into the world
of intuition and the natural. The forms of
architecture of Romantic Naturalism is not linear but
spatial, more painterly, and picturesque. The use of
natural materials was favored.
 The architecture of Romanticism remained
essentially lifeless. The indiscriminate use of
forms from the past without concern for function
and technique made these forms devoid of
meaning. Examples of Romantic architecture are
the Guardian of the Fields at Ledoux, and
German Embassy in Petersburg, and the Street
Façade of Altes Museum.
 The architecture of the Engineers such as bridges,
railroad stations, and large halls for work and
exhibitions were the first to exhibit new ideas and
paved the way for contemporary architecture. This
new architecture was made possible through the
availability of new building materials, iron and steel,
that revolutionized the whole building industry.
Examples of the architecture of Engineers are the
Severn Bridge of England and Wales and the bridges
over the Mena Strait.
 The Eiffel Tower proved that the new materials –
iron and steel – produced by industry could convey
architectural meanings and values better than the
old traditional materials.
Contemporary architecture comes to a first
climax and synthesis in the Architecture of the
International Style, which some call the
Architecture of Rationalism and Functionalism.
 The architecture of the International Style was, above
all, characterized by the spirit of functionalism which
believed that architectural forms expressed the functions
well, and as such, were good friends.
The architects of the International Style showed a
seemingly genuine concern for the emotional and physical
well-being of men. Urban planning was intended to provide
a healthy city environment. Famous architects from this
period were Walter Gropius, LeCorbusier, and Mies. Some of
the buildings constructed during this era are the Bauhaus
Building in Germany, Tugendhat House in Czech Republic,
the Villa Savoye in France, and Centennial Hall and Einstein
Tower in Germany.
The Development of Architecture in the Philippines

Architecture During The Pre-spanish Period

Before the coming of Spaniards, Filipino
houses were made of light materials-bamboo
palm, vine, grass, and wood. The pre-Spanish
Filipino house had a pyramidal roof. The walls
were low; the floor was raised a few feet above
the ground.
Architecture during the Spanish Period
In the early part of the Spanish regime, houses still used
light materials. Later on, stronger materials like adobe
stones were used. Churches were built on the eastern side
of the plaza and Casa Real or Casa Judicial on the
opposite side. Native houses were situated away from the
town center. At the time Governor-General Lavezares,
stronger palisades were built to protect the Walled City.
Later, the palisades were replaced by stonewalls. The
construction of the massive walls of Intramuros was an
engineering feat. Gates including the entrance to Fort
Santiago were accorded some architectural treatment.
Early Churches of Intramuros
The first buildings of architectural importance in Intramuros
were the San Agustin Church and the Manila Cathedral. Chief
characteristics of these buildings were their massiveness and
stability. The San Agustin Church is one of the few churches
constructed in the Philippines with a true barrel vaulting that
enabled the church to withstand the severest earthquakes.
The Manila Cathedral which was destroyed by earthquakes
in 1863 was rebuilt under Father Urcioni, also an architect. It
had three naves, a sacristy behind the main altar, and a huge
octagonal tower and façade in the Renaissance style. In the
early years, the parish priest manage the church construction
in provinces.
Early Churches in Northern Luzon
The Our Lady of Purificacion Parish Church in
Binmaley, Pangasinan, St. John Cathedral and St.
Therese Church in Dagupan City, Pangasinan, Saint
Paul’s Metropolitan Cathedral in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, the
Paoay Church and Bacarra Church in Ilocos Norte, and
other churches in Region 1 have something in common.
Nearly all of them are in barn style, of large
dimensions, and have high pitched roofs which give a
squat silhouette. Despite the repairs and
reconstruction made after the last war, the injured
portions are still discernible.
 The Our Lady of Purificacion Parish Church in
Binmaley, Pangasinan, St. John Cathedral and St.
Therese Church in Dagupan City, Pangasinan, Saint
Paul’s Metropolitan Cathedral in Vigan, Ilocos Sur,
the Paoay Church and Bacarra Church in Ilocos
Norte, and other churches in Region 1 have
something in common. Nearly all of them are in barn
style, of large dimensions, and have high pitched
roofs which give a squat silhouette. Despite the
repairs and reconstruction made after the last war,
the injured portions are still discernible.
 The church in San Fernando City, La Union gives the
appearance of a false front when seen from the sides. This
is the result of the restoration of the façade, the only
portion of the church accorded with architectural
treatment originally.
The church is of quasi-classic architecture. Comice and
band separate the first story from the second. Pillars flash
the main portal. Similar pillars repeated in the second
story where they flash a choir light. The third story is lesser
in height. The edges of each story were treated differently-
the second story with stylized acanthus; third story with
volutes; fourth story with pies de gallo and is caped in a
curved pediment supported by engaged pillars.
 The Bauang Church in La Union is also of quasi-classic style. The
façade is a tall rectangle whose inclined sides probably followed the
pitch of the tile roof that covered the nave originally. Four tall
composite pillars adorn the rectangle in the traditional manner.
False doors are on each sides of this portal. The capitals of the
pillars are of two sections separated by two bands. Three anahaw
leaves adorn the lower section.
The Binmaley and Lingayen Churches in Pangasinan, which were
damaged in 1945, lost their roofs but were replaced with galvanized
iron roofing in recent years. Both have a plain façade. The façade of
La Purificacion Parish Church in Binmaley is quadrangular and of
five stories. The Lingayen Church has octagonal towers with six
stories. The towers of the Binmaley and Lingayen Churches are
topped by bell-shaped cupolas suggestive of the sugar vats of the
region.
 The Dagupan Church is a distinct contrast to Lingayen
and Binmaley Church. It shows the traditional manipulation
of space into vertical zones achieved by four pairs of
pilasters. Two niches, with the images of St. Agustin and
St. Francis, flank the choir lights at a lower level.
St. Paul’s Metropolitan Cathedral in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, is
said to be the first building in Ilocos region to have a tile
roof. The façade of the cathedral is of the classic order.
Doric and Ionic capitals, triglyphs, and dentils make up the
organs. In this niche is the equestrian image of Santiago,
beneath it in the heavy cornice is the coat of arms of the
apostles.
 The Laoag Church in Ilocos Norte, completed in the 19th century,
was build by the Augustinians. Its façade is unique. Two squat piers
buttress the façade. The second story of the façade is triangular in
shape while the lower story is decorated with Romanesque-Byzantine
pillars. The bell tower stands apart from the structure.
The Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte stands as rarity among churches
in Luzon because of the presence of 26 tapering buttresses with each
buttress crowned by blunt-ended pinnacles. From a distance, the
squat edifice looks like a fort. The façade is very plain. The three
story bell tower is set apart from the structure.
The three story high bell tower of the Bacarra Church in Ilocos
Norte is set apart from the church proper. The cupola is like an
inverted muscovado sugar vat. Pilasters supporting pediments flank
the window opening.
REFERENCES:
Ariola, M.M (2014). Introduction to Art
Appreciation: A Textbook in Humanities (Second
Edition). C & E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City,
Philippines.
Sanchez, C.A., Abad, P.F., Jao, L.V., & Sanchez,
R.A(2012). Introduction to the Humanities(Sixth
Edition). Rex Book Store, Manila, Philippines.