EARTHQUAKE LOADING -

EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE

INTRODUCTION:
 Earthquake loading is the inertia force of the building
mass that results from shaking of its foundation by a
seismic disturbance.

 Design concentrates on translational inertia force.

 Earthquake forces
-land sliding subsidence
-active faulting below the foundation
-liquefaction of local sub grade

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PRINCIPLE:

 Resist minor earthquake without damage

 Resist moderate earthquake without structural damage

but accepting the probability of nonstructural damage

 Resist average earthquake with the probability of

structural as well as nonstructural damage, but without
collapse

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Two approaches to estimate seismic loading

- Equivalent lateral force

- Modal analysis

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EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE:

 Maximum base shear is determined.

 Design force is taken less than the actual force imposed

on structure due to earthquake

 Method is simple and rapid

 Recommended for unexceptionally high buildings with

Unexceptional structural arrangements

 For preliminary design of higher buildings

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MODAL ANALYSIS:

 More refined

 Modal frequencies of the structure are analysed and

then used in conjunction with earthquake design spectra
and estimate maximum modal response

 More complex and longer process

More accurate

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EQUIVALNT LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE

 IS 1893 is used

Step 1 – Determination of minimum base shear force

Step2 – Distribution of total base shear

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DETERMINATION OF MINIMUM BASE SHEAR

 Minimum lateral seismic load acts no concurrently in

orthogonal direction parallel to the main axis of structure

 Structure will undergo inelastic deformation during

major earthquake

V= ZIC * W C= 1.25 *S
Rw T⅔

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Coefficients in equation taken in to account
- effect of seismicity of the area
- dead load
- structural type and its ability to dissipate energy
without collapse
- the response of structure
- interaction of structure with ground
- importance of structure

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Z – zone coefficient

 Corresponds to Effective Peak Ground Acceleration

(EPA) of a region

 EPA value is used to scale the spectral shape given by C

Product of Z and C gives an acceleration response

spectrum

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IS 1893(PART 1):2002, CLAUSE 6.4.2, TABLE 2
Seismic II III IV V
zone
Seismic Low Moderate Severe Very
intensity severe
Z 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36

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I – Important factor

 Concerned with number of people in building

 Whether the building has an immediate post earthquake

role in the safety and recovery of community

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IS 1893(PART 1):2002, CLAUSE 6.4.2, TABLE 6,
IMPORTANCE FACTOR
Sl Structure Importance
No: factor
1 Important service and community 1.5
buildings
2 All other buildings 1

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C= 1.25 *S
T⅔ S- site coefficient
T- fundamental period
 Coefficient represents response of particular spectrum
to the earthquake acceleration spectrum

 UBC categorized the broad range of soil characteristics

in to three type and S is assigned for each

Maximum value of C is 2.75 for any structure

In seismic zone 4 a minimum base shear of 3% of

building weight is used

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IS1893(PART 1):2002, CLAUSE 6.4.5

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Rw = structural system factor

 Measure of ability of the structural system to sustain

cyclic inelastic deformations without collapse

 Depends on
- ductility and type of material of structure
- possibility of failure of vertical load system
- degree of redundancy of the system that allow some
localized failure without overall failure

 C/Rw = 0.075 ( lower limit )

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IS 1893(PART1):2002, CLAUSE 6.4.2, TABLE 7,
RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR, R
Sl Lateral Load Resisting System R
no:
1 Ordinary moment resisting frame 3
2 Special RC moment resisting frame 5
3 Steel moment resisting frame 5
4 Ordinary reinforced concrete shear wall 3
5 Ductile shear wall 4

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DISTRIBUTION OF BASE SHEAR

 Allocate base shear as effective horizontal loads at the

various floor levels

 Factors considered
1. The effective load at a floor level is equal to product
of the mass assigned to that floor and horizontal
acceleration at that level
2. The maximum acceleration at any level of the
structure in the fundamental mode is proportional to
its horizontal displacement in that mode
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