Introduction

• Whenever two parts have relative motion, they constitute

a bearing
• A bearing is defined as a machine member whose
function is to support and retain another moving member.
• Lubrication is necessary in any bearing to reduce friction
and remove heat.
• To the most of the designer, Bearings are the necessary
evils. Their merits consist in,
– Absorbing as little power as possible
– Wearing out as slowly as possible
– Occupying as little space as possible
– Costing as low as possible
Classification of Bearings,
On the basis of contact

Bearings

Sliding Contact Rolling Contact

Bearing Bearing
Sliding Contact/Plain/Journal/Sleeve Bearings
Rolling Element Bearings
Classification of Bearings,
On the basis of contact
Bearings
Sliding Contact
Bearing
Sliding Contact bearings are used in,
• Centrifugal pumps
• Large size electric motors
• Steam and gas turbines
• Concrete mixers, marine
installations
Rolling Contact
Bearing
Rolling Contact bearings are used in,
• Machine tool Spindles
• Automobile axles
• Gear Boxes
• Small size electric motors
• Rope Sheave, and hoist drums
Sliding Vs Rolling contact bearings
Sliding contact Bearing Rolling Contact Bearing
Load carrying capacity is Load carrying capacity is same,
proportional to speed depending upon size
They can absorb shock load due to They have poor damping capacity
the damping of oil film because rolling element undergo
plastic deformation
Higher starting friction; due to Lower starting friction, suitable for
initial metal to metal contact. applications where there are
frequent starts
Suitable for application when there Load carrying capacity remains
is light load at the start same at the start and during
normal running conditions.
Requires more space. (axially Requires less space (radially
oriented) oriented)
The axis of journal moves Both the axis are co-linear
eccentrically w.r.t the bearing axis
Less noise Generates more noise because of
metal to metal contact (balls and
inner race)
Sliding Vs Rolling contact bearings

The characteristics that differ include load

carrying capacity, frictional losses, space
requirement, accuracy, noise and cost.
Rolling Contact Bearing
Rolling Contact Bearings

Roller Bearing Ball Bearing

Rolling Contact Bearing
Classification of Bearings,
On the basis of load

Bearings

Radial Bearing Thrust Bearing

Sliding Contact Bearing

Sliding Contact
Bearings

Hydrodynamic Hydrostatic
Bearing Bearing
 Lubricants
• Mechanism
– Low shear strength, high compressive strength

• Types
– Gaseous
– Liquid
– Solid
Liquid Lubricants
 Liquid Lubricants
Types, Properties, Applications
 Solid Lubricants
Types, Properties, Applications
Viscosity and Lubricants
 Types of Lubrication
Three general types
• Full Film
• Mixed Film
• Boundary Film
Types of lubrication
 Full Film Lubrication
Three mechanisms of full film lubrication
• Hydrostatic Lubrication
• Hydrodynamic Lubrication
• Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
Hydrostatic Bearings
Hydrostatic Bearings
Hydrodynamic Bearings
 Hydrodynamic Lubrication
(boundary, mixed & full film)
Oil Pressure distribution in Journal Bearing
 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
• used for non-conforming surfaces
 Non conforming contacts

How to decide which kind of lubrication occurs in non-

conforming contacts?
• Ratio of oil film thickness to the surface roughness
For Full Film Lubrication:
Average surface roughness should be no more than
½ to 1/3 of oil film thickness.
Factors of EHD Lubrication
– Increased lubricant viscosity
– Increased relative velocity
– Increased radius of curvature
– Combinations of speeds and loads (In rolling bearings)
 Boundary Lubrication
Factors affecting(responsible) boundary
lubrication
• Geometry
• Low velocity
• Surface roughness
• Excessive load
• Lack of sufficient lubrication
 Hydrodynamic Lubrication Theory-Journal
Bearing Design
• Petroff’s Equation (For No Load Torque)
• The force to shear entire film is

• Torque required to shear the film is

Reynold’s Equation (For eccentric Journal
Bearing)
• Eccentricity ratio (Dimensionless factor)
Reynold’s Equation
• Dimensionless eccentricity ratio

• An approximate expression for film thickness

as a function of 0
 Solutions of Reynold’s Equation
Two solutions are possible

• Long Bearing Solution

• Short Bearing Solution

Long Bearing Solution (Sommerfeld Solution for
finding pressure distribution)
Reynold’s Assumption:
• Bearing is infiniteley long in z-direction
• Bearing Characteristic Number
 Limitations of Long Bearing Solutions

Long bearings are not used in industry due to

following reasons:
• Small shaft deflection or misalignment can cause
radial clearance to zero.
• Packaging considerations(typical l/d ratios for
modern bearings are ¼ to 2)
• Long bearing solution does not assume end
leakage. At small l/d ratio, it’s a significant factor.
 Short Bearing Solution (Ocvirk Solution)

Considering circumferential flow small as compared to

flow in z-direction

Pressure in oil film as a function of both 0 and z is

Pressure distribution in a Short Bearing
Comparison of Short and Long Bearing
Solutions
 Maximum Pressure and Maximum Pressure
Point
• Maximum pressure point is given by
• Eccentricity Angle φ:
It’s the angle made by line of eccentricity (0 axis) with
force “P” line

Magnitude of resultant force

• Where

• and
 Torque and Power Losses in Bearings
Torque on Rotating Element

Torque on Static Element

Relation between Linear Velocity and angular speed

Stationary Torque:
 Power Lost in Bearing

Coefficient of Friction:
Ratio of tangential shear force and applied normal
force
 Design Load Factor-Ocvirk Number “ON”

Scope:
A dimensionless number against which various
bearing parameters can be computed, compared
and plotted.
Ocvirk Number
 Significance of Ocvirk Number
• It shows that any combination of parameters (in
Ocvirk Number) that yields the same Ocvirk number
will give the same eccentricity ratio.
• Eccentricity ratio gives an indication of how close to
failure the oil film is.
Since

Empirical relation for finding Eccentricity Ratio is

Plots of Ocvirk Number
Plots of Ocvirk Number
Plots of Ocvirk Number
 Selecting Appropriate Ocvirk Number

• Moderate loading
– ON < 30
• Heavy loading
– ON < 60
• Severe loading
– ON < 90
 Journal Bearing-Design Parameters
1. Radial Clearance: Cr
2. Bearing length
3. Eccentricity Ratio
4. Lubricant Viscosity
5. Average Pressure in oil film
6. Maximum Pressure Point Omax
7. Maximum Pressure Pmax
8. Power Loss in bearing
9. Coefficient of friction
10.Minimum film thickness