Lubrication and Bearing

Lubrication
• Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of surfaces or
material elements in contact.
Friction between moving parts in contact is
unavoidable -but it is desirable to keep this to as
low as possible
Provide a fine or smooth surface finish.
Replacing the one of the material having lower
coefficient of friction.
Introducing a fluid film which separates the parts
slightly thus reducing the friction (Lubrication)
Installing balls, rollers or needles between the
sliding surfaces which replace the sliding
movement by rolling action (Bearings)
Objectives of Lubrication

• To reduce frictional resistance

• To reduce wear on the bearing surfaces
• To protect the bearing surfaces from corrosion
• To carry away heat from the bearing
• To reduce noise from the moving components
of the machine
 Different Lubricating conditions
• Dry Lubrication- No lubricant present between the surfaces,

No oil film

• Boundary lubrication (Thin film)
Thin oil film
Full film lubrication- The surfaces are
separated by thick film of lubricant and
there will not be any metal-to-metal
contact

Thick oil film

 Hydrodynamic lubrication
(Lubricant is dynamic)

At Rest Starts to Rotate At Running

(Mixed Lubrication) (Full Film Lubrication)
Hydro static Lubrication
(Lubricant is static)
 Properties of Lubricant
• Viscosity - Resistance of a liquid to flow

• Oiliness- Ability of the lubricant to stay in place

between the bearing surfaces

• Stability –Retention of properties as long as possible

(Oxidization, Biological degradation, Dilution)
 Types of Lubricant
• Animal oils - From animal fats
• Vegetable oils - From plant seeds
• Mineral oils - Hydrocarbons obtained from
minerals
• Synthetic oils - From various chemicals
• Grease - Semi-fluid lubricant
• Dry - Molybdenum disulphide, Graphite
 Selection of Lubricant
The selection of lubricant depend on:

• Type of mechanism being lubricated

• Type of lubricating system
• Rate of heat removal
• Cost
 Bearing

A part of a machine that supports another part that

turns around
 • Anti-friction or rolling
• Plain Bearings or surface
contact bearings.
Bearings element bearings
Two Basic Types • Separates two surfaces
• Usually made of different
material than the surface with rolling elements.
they rest against. • Ball
• Solid Metal • Roller
• Powdered metal • Needle
• on-metallic
 Thrust load vs. Radial load
Thrust load Radial load
 Examples of bearing types
• Thrust loads • Radial loads
Thrust Ball Ball bearing primarily
Bearings for radial loads

Roller (cylindrical)
Bearing - radial

Thrust roller bearing

Needle bearings
Similar properties as roller
Ball bearing

Cutaway view of a ball bearing

Roller Bearing

Cutaway view of a Roller Bearing

Ball Thrust Bearings
Roller Thrust Bearings
Tapered Roller Bearings

Cutaway view of (left) a spherical roller thrust bearing and (right) a radial tapered roller bearing
 Rolling Contact Bearing

A rolling-element bearing, also known as a rolling bearing, is a bearing which

carries a load by placing rolling elements (such as balls or rollers) between
two bearing rings called races. The relative motion of the races causes
the rolling elements to roll with very little rolling resistance and with little
sliding.
 Rolling Contact Bearing

Static load carrying capacity: When the shaft is

stationary, the load acting on the bearing is called static
load. The static load carrying capacity of a bearing is
defined as the static load which corresponds to a total
permanent deformation of balls and race, at the most
stressed part of contact, equal to 0.0001D of the ball
diameter.
Dynamic load carrying capacity: Life of a bearing is defined
as no of revolution which the bearing runs before the first
appearance of crack. The dynamic load carrying capacity is
the radial load in radial bearing or thrust load in thrust
bearing that can be carried for a minimum life of 1 million
revolutions.
Equivalent bearing load: Generally, while in operation the
forces acting on the bearing has two components (both
radial and thrust). Therefore it is necessary to convert the
two components in to a single hypothetical load called
equivalent bearing load. Rolling Contact Bearing.
 Journal Bearing
Journal or plain bearings consist of a shaft or journal
which rotates freely in a supporting metal sleeve or
shell. There are no rolling elements in these bearings.
Their design and construction may be relatively
simple, but the theory and operation of these
bearings can be complex.
 HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATED
BEARINGS
In hydrodynamic bearings, the gap is generated dynamically by the bearing motion.
Hydrodynamic bearings are used in rotary applications, and may require external
pressure on one of the bearing pads or a secondary bearing to avoid excess friction
when starting rotation. Hydrodynamic bearings can be designed for radial or thrust
loads. working surfaces are completely separated from each other by the lubricant
 Hydrostatic or externally pressurized
lubricated bearings
The hydrostatic bearings: A
hydrostatic bearing employs a
positive pressure supply that
maintains clearance between the
rotating and stationary
elements. With a hydrostatically-
lubricated bearing, the
lubrication is introduced under
pressure between the moving
surfaces.
 Thin film bearings
Thin film bearings. The thin film bearings are those in which, although
lubricant is present, the working surfaces partially contact each other at
least part of the time. Such type of bearings are also called boundary
lubricated bearings.
Design procedure for journal bearing
Design procedure for journal bearing
Design procedure for journal bearing
Design procedure for journal bearing
Design procedure for journal bearing
Design procedure for journal bearing
Design procedure for journal bearing
Numerical on journal bearing
Numerical on journal bearing
Numerical on journal bearing
Numerical on journal bearing